The Most Powerful Idea in the World Part 12

8 "at a potter's house in Lambeth" Ibid.

9 to refill the boiler at least once a minute Richard L. Hills, Power from Steam (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).

10 "Mr. Savery... entertained the Royal Society" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society XXI, p. 228.

11 "one of the great original synthetic inventions" Eugene S. Ferguson, "The Steam Engine before 1830" in Kranzberg and Pursell, eds., Technology in Western Civilization (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967).

12 The 1712 engine of Thomas Newcomen Howard Jones, Steam Engines: An International History (London: Ernest Benn Limited, 1973).

13 (sometimes a plumber) David Richards, "Thomas Newcomen and the Environment of Innovation," Industrial Archaeology 13, no. 4, Winter 1978.

14 of the latter's progress Kerker, "Science and the Steam Engine."

15 "could he [Papin] make a speedy vacuum" Abbott Payson Usher, A History of Mechanical Inventions (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1954); also Samuel Smiles, Men of Invention and Industry (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1885). The story of the Newcomen-Hooke correspondence dates from 1797, when it was reported by Dr. John Robison, a friend of James Watt, whose other recollections have almost uniformly proven valid. In the absence of corroborating doc.u.mentary evidence, however, some scholars accept it, others not-though much of the doubt seems to come from the belief that the fifty-two-year-old Hooke would have had little to say to a twenty-four-year-old ironmonger; in short, retroactive sn.o.bbishness.

16 For purposes of the experiment Martin Triewald's 1734 Short Description of the Atmospheric Steam Engine, quoted in Hills, Power from Steam.

17 "not being either philosophers" "Thomas Newcomen" in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

18 Newcomen and Calley replaced Usher, History of Mechanical Inventions.

19 "the Air makes a Noise" Hills, Power from Steam.

20 "the valve still functioned perfectly" Ibid.

21 They also tell of the years he spent Sir William Fairbairn, The Life of Sir William Fairbairn (London, 1877), quoted in Cohen.

22 Now imagine producing such a fitting Joseph W. Roe, English and American Tool Builders (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1916).

23 "partly because they were equipped" David Wolman, A Left-hand Turn Around the World: Chasing the Mystery and Meaning of All Things Southpaw (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2005).

24 The hand has led the brain to evolve Richard Sennett, The Craftsman (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008).

25 "It is only with Leonardo" Usher, History of Mechanical Inventions.

26 "Pyramids, cathedrals, and rockets" E. S. Ferguson, "The Mind's Eye: Nonverbal Thought in Technology," Science 197, no. 4306, August 1977.

27 "both dead and living" Usher, History of Mechanical Inventions.

28 "During the up-stroke" Hills, Power from Steam.

29 "the greatest single act of synthesis" Usher, History of Mechanical Inventions.

30 "designing to turn his engines" Newcommen (sic) v. Harding, TNA: PRO, C11/1247/38, 39, at http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk 31 "divided the profit to arise" "Thomas Savery" in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

32 Though Newcomen's take Eric Roll of Ipsden, An Early Experiment in Industrial Organisation, Being a History of the Firm of Boulton & Watt, 17751805 (London and New York: Longmans, Green, 1930).

33 "Whereas the invention for raising water" "Thomas Newcomen" in ibid.

CHAPTER THREE: THE FIRST AND TRUE INVENTOR.

1 Though already in possession of an income The estimate was made by Thomas Wilson, the Keeper of Records for the Office of His Majesty's Papers and Records; Catherine Drinker Bowen, The Lion and the Throne: The Life and Times of Sir Edward c.o.ke (15521634) (Boston: Little, Brown, 1957).

2 one estimate puts c.o.ke's take at 100,000 "Edward c.o.ke" in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

3 "country gentlemen, acquisitive parsons" Ibid.

4 The idea of exclusive commercial franchises Kenneth W. Dobyns, History of the United States Patent Office: The Patent Office Pony (Fredericksburg, VA: Kirkland Museum, 1994).

5 the emperor had the unfortunate soul executed Ibid.

6 c.o.ke was convinced that monopolies were costly In Davenant v. Hurdis, c.o.ke, again as Attorney General, argued against another potential monopoly, this one a restriction by the powerful guild known as the Merchant Tailors of London. The tailors required that their members use other members on at least half the cloth they cut, effectively (or so argued c.o.ke) creating a monopoly. See Samuel E. Thorne, Sir Edward c.o.ke, 15521952 (London: Quaritch, 1957).

7 decades before Darcy v. Allein Barbara Malament, "The 'Economic Liberalism' of Sir Edward c.o.ke," Yale Law Journal 76, no. 7, June 1967.

8 In order to find a precedent Thorne, Sir Edward c.o.ke.

9 "the franchises and privileges" D.O. Wagner, "c.o.ke and the Rise of Economic Liberalism," Economic History Review 6, no. 1, October 1935.

10 the Netherlands' States-General Mario Biagioli, "Early Modern Instruments Database: An Appendix to From Prints to Patents: Living on Instruments in Early Modern Europe," History of Science 44, 2006.

11 "generally inconvenient" Vishwas Devaiah, "A History of Patent Law," 2006, online article at www.altlawforum.org/PUBLICATIONS/doc.u.ment.2004-12

-18.0853561257.

12 And he liked it "Francis Bacon" in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

13 to cite it in Darcy v. Allein D. O. Wagner, "The Common Law and Free Enterprise: An Early Case of Monopoly, Economic History Review 7, no. 2, May 1937.

14 "men of far greater t.i.tles" Bowen, The Lion and the Throne: The Life and Times of Sir Edward c.o.ke (15521634).

15 "we shall never see his like again" Thorne, Sir Edward c.o.ke.

16 "Mr. Attorney: I respect you" "Francis Bacon" in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

17 "college for Inventors" Wallace, Social Context of Innovation.

18 Tellingly, though Bacon had respect Ibid.

19 "the inventor of ordnance and of gunpowder" Francis Bacon, The Advancement of Learning and New Atlantis (London: Oxford University Press, 1956).

20 Bacon's faith in progress Wallace, Social Context of Innovation.

21 "had so small satisfaction from his studies" "John Locke" in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

22 in his four decades as a member of the RS Ibid.

23 "disposing of the affairs of the kingdom" Henry Ireton, quoted in E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Cla.s.s (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968).

24 they excluded servants and beggars Crawford B. Macpherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962).

25 "You and your ancestors got your propriety" Micheline Ishay, ed., The Human Rights Reader: Major Political Writings, Essays, Speeches, and Doc.u.ments from the Bible to the Present (New York: Routledge, 1997).

26 "Let no young wit be crushed" G. N. Clark, "Early Capitalism and Invention," Economic History Review 6, no. 2, April 1936.

27 "Nature furnishes us only with the material" Peter King, The Life and Letters of John Locke, with Extracts from His Journals and Common-place Books: With a General Index (New York: B. Franklin, 1972).

28 It is scarcely surprising Nigel Stirk, "Intellectual Property and the Role of Manufacturers: Definitions from the Late Eighteenth Century," Journal of Historical Geography 27, no. 4, 2001, citing Jenny Uglow, Hogarth: A Life and a World (London: Faber and Faber, 1997) (who also cites Lord Chesterfield's famous "Wit, my lords, is a sort of property").

29 "nonsense on stilts" Paul E. Sigmund, The Selected Political Writings of John Locke (New York: W.W. Norton, 2005).

30 "G.o.d... made the right of work" Arnold Toynbee and Benjamin Jowett, Lectures on the Industrial Revolution of the 18th Century in England: Popular Addresses, Notes and Other Fragments (London and New York: Longmans, Green, 1902).

CHAPTER FOUR: A VERY GREAT QUANt.i.tY OF HEAT.

1 "the steam engine has done much more for science" Though this is traditionally attributed to Kelvin, a better (though still unreliably) doc.u.mented author is the early twentieth-century Harvard physiologist and chemist Lawrence Joseph Henderson. David Philip Miller, "Seeing the Chemical Steam Through the Historical Fog," Annals of Science 65, no. 1, January 2008.

2 "Aristotle a.s.serts that cabbages produce caterpillars" Martin Goldstein and Inge F. Goldstein, The Experience of Science: An Interdisciplinary Approach (New York: Plenum Press, 1984).

3 some acceptable sinecure Mokyr, "The Great Synergy."

4 "the buzzword of the eighteenth century" Ibid.

5 J. T. Desaguliers, the same critic Ibid.

6 "the Riches, Honour, Strength" Ibid.

7 Two years before his death in 1704 Robert Horwitz and Judith Finn, "Locke's Aesop's Fables," The Locke Newsletter no. 6, Summer 1975.

8 The first was the notion that heat D.S.L. Cardwell, From Watt to Clausius: The Rise of Thermodynamics in the Early Industrial Age (London: Heinemann Educational, 1971).

9 "fixed air" Henry Marshall Leicester and Herbert Klickstein, A Source Book in Chemistry, 14001900 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963).

10 "a violence equal to that of gunpowder" W. F. Magie, A Source Book in Physics (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963).

11 He then placed the water over heat Cardwell, From Watt to Clausius.

12 "I, therefore, set seriously about making experiments" Magie, Source Book in Physics.

13 He heated a pound of gold Cardwell, From Watt to Clausius.

14 "the first great achievement" White, Medieval Technology and Social Change.

15 They were, for example, common in northern Europe Ibid.

16 Europe's first true "wood crisis" Ibid.

17 It also meant a lot more wood John H. Lienhard, How Invention Begins: Echoes of Old Voices in the Rise of New Machines (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).

18 by the early fifteenth century Barbara Freese, Coal: A Human History (New York: Perseus Books, 2003).

19 It was not until the 1600s Lienhard, How Invention Begins.

20 "in a state within a state" Margaret T. Hodgen, Change and History (New York: Wenner-Green Foundation for Anthropological Research, 1952).

21 15 percent of the total were for drainage alone Wallace, Social Context of Innovation.

22 In 1752, a study was made Pacey, Maze of Ingenuity.

23 as late as the 1840s Joel Mokyr, The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).

CHAPTER FIVE: SCIENCE IN HIS HANDS.

1 In 1747, one of them Joseph Irving, The Book of Dumbartonshire (Edinburgh and London: W. and A. K. Johnston, 1879).

2 "to clean them and to put them in the best order" Glasgow University press office, 1998.