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The Making of Religion Part 36

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Janet's own memory or fancy; his scientific explanation is that given by his trinity of _jeune fille, pauvre voyante_, and _personne un peu mystique_.

Being much engaged in the study of 'neurotic' and hysterical patients, Dr.

Janet thinks that they are most apt to see crystal visions. Perhaps they are; and one doubts if their descriptions are more to be trusted than the romantic essay of their medical attendant. In citing Miss X.'s paper (as he did), Dr. Janet ought to have reported her experiments correctly, ought to have attributed them to herself, and should, decidedly, have remarked that the explanation he offered was her own hypothesis, verified by her own exertions.

Not having any acquaintances in neurotic circles, I am unable to say whether such persons supply more cases of the faculty of crystal vision than ordinary people; while their word, one would think, is much less to be trusted than that of men and women in excellent health. The crystal visions which I have cited from my own knowledge (and I could cite scores of others) were beheld by men and women engaged in the ordinary duties of life. Students, barristers, novelists, lawyers, school-masters, school-mistresses, golfers--to all of whom the topic was perfectly new--have all exhibited the faculty. It is curious that an Arabian author of the thirteenth century, Ibn Khaldoun, cited by M. Lefebure, offers the same account of _how_ the visions appear as that given by Miss Angus in the _Journal_ of the S.P.R., April 1898. M. Lefebure's citation was sent to me in a letter.

I append M. Lefebure's quotation from Ibn Khaldoun. The original is translated in 'Notices et Extraits des MSS. de la Bibliotheque Imperiale,'

I. xix. p. 643-645.

'Ibn Kaldoun admet que certains hommes ont la faculte de deviner l'avenir.

'"Ceux, ajoute-t-il, qui regardent dans les corps diaphanes, tels que les miroirs, les cuvettes remplies d'eau et les liquides; ceux qui inspectent les coeurs, les foies et les os des animaux, ... tous ces gens-la appartiennent aussi a la categorie des devins, mais, a cause de l'imperfection de leur nature, ils y occupent un rang inferieur. Pour ecarter le voile des sens, le vrai devin n'a pas besoin de grands efforts; quant aux autres, ils tachent d'arriver au but en _essayant de concentrer en un seul sens toutes leurs perceptions_. Comme la vue est le sens le plus n.o.ble, ils lui donnent la preference; fixant leur regard sur on objet a superficie unie, ils le considerent avec attention jusqu'a ce qu'ils y apercoivent la chose qu'ils veulent annoncer. Quelques personnes croient que l'image apercue de cette maniere se dessine sur la surface du miroir; mais ils se trompent. Le devin regarde fixement cette surface jusqu'a ce qu'elle disparaisse et qu'un rideau, semblable a un brouillard, s'interpose entre lui et le miroir. Sur ce rideau se dessinent les choses _qu'il desira apercevoir_, et cela lui permet de donner des indications soit affirmatives, soit negatives, sur ce que l'on desire savoir. Il raconte alors les perceptions telles qu'il les recoit. Les devins, pendant qu'ils sont dans cet etat, n'apercoivent pas ce qui se voit reellement dans le miroir; c'est un autre mode de perception qui nait chez eux et qui s'opere, non pas au moyen de la vue, mais de l'ame. Il est vrai que, _pour eux, les perceptions de l'ame ressemblent a celles des sens au point de les tromper_; fait qui, du reste, est bien connu. La meme chose arrive a ceux qui examinent les coeurs et les foies d'animaux.

Nous avons vu quelques-uns de ces individus _entraver l'operation des sens_ par l'emploi de simples _fumigations_, puis se servir d'_incantations_[2] afin de donner a l'ame la disposition requise; ensuite ils racontent ce qu'ils ont apercu. Ces formes, disent-ils, se montrent dans l'air et representent des personnages: elles leur apprennent, au moyen d'emblemes et de signes, les choses qu'ils cherchent a savoir. Les individus de cette cla.s.se se detachent moins de l'influence des sens que ceux de la cla.s.se precedente."'

[Footnote 1: Lican, Paris, 1898.]

[Footnote 2: L'auteur arabe avait deja mentionne (p. 209) l'emploi des incantations et indique qu'elles etuient un simple adjuvant physique destine a donner a certains hommes une exaltation dont ils se servaient pour tacher de decouvrir l'avenir.

'Pour arriver au plus haut degre d'inspiration dont il est capable, le devin doit avoir recours a l'emploi de certaines phrases qui se distinguent par _une cadence et un parallelisme particuliers_. Il essaye ce moyen _afin de soustraire son ame aux influences des sens_ et de lui donner a.s.sez de force pour se mettre dans un contact imparfait avec le monde spirituel.[a] Cette agitation d'esprit, jointe a l'emploi des moyens intrinseques dont nous avons parle, excite dans son coeur des idees que cet organe exprime par le ministere de la langne. Les paroles qu'il p.r.o.nonce sont tantot vraies, tantot fausses. En effet, le devin, voulant suppleer a l'imperfection de son naturel, se sert de moyens tout a fait etrangers a sa faculte perceptive et qui ne s'accordent en aucune facon avec elle. Donc la verite et l'erreur se presentent a lui en meme temps, aussi ne doit on mettre aucune confiance en ses paroles. Quelquefois meme il a recours a des suppositions et a des conjectures dans l'espoir de rencontrer la verite et de tromper ceux qui l'interrogent.']

[Footnote a: Compare Tennyson's way of attaining a state of trance by repeating to himself his own name.]

APPENDIX D

_CHIEFS IN AUSTRALIA_

In the remarks on Australian religion, it is argued that chiefs in Australia are, at most, very inconspicuous, and that a dead chief cannot have thriven into a Supreme Being. Attention should be called, however, to Mr. Howitt's remarks on Australian 'Head-men,' in his tract on 'The Organisation of Australian Tribes' (pp. 103-113).

He attaches more of the idea of power to 'Head-men' than does Mr. Curr in his work, 'The Australian Race.' The Head-men, as a rule, arrive at such influence as they possess by seniority, if accompanied by courage, wisdom, and, in some cases, by magical acquirements. There are traces of a tendency to keep the office (if it may be called one) in the same kinship.

'But Vich Ian Vohr or Chingahgook are not to be found in Australian tribes' (p. 113). I do not observe that the manes or ghost of a dead Head-man receives any worship or service calculated to fix him in the tribal memory, and so lead to the evolution of a deity, though one Head-man was potent through the whole Dieyri tribe over three hundred miles of country. Such a person, if propitiated after death, might conceivably develop into a hero, if not into a creative being. But we must await evidence to the effect that any posthumous reverence was paid to this man, Ialina Piramurane (New Moon). Mr. Howitt's essay is in the 'Transactions of the Royal Society of Victoria for 1889.'

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The Making of Religion Part 36 summary

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