The Makers of Canada: Index and Dictionary of Canadian History Part 2

McLoughlin. =Index=: =D= In charge at Alexandria, on the Lower Fraser, 186; explores a road from Kamloops to the Lower Fraser, 186.

=Anderson, Anthony=. =Mc= Given command of the rebels, 360; moves on Toronto, 363; takes prisoners, 364; victim of Powell's treachery, 365.

=Anderson, David= (1814-1885). Born in London, England. Educated at Edinburgh Academy and at Exeter College, Oxford. Vice-princ.i.p.al of St.

Bees College, c.u.mberland, 1841-1847, and inc.u.mbent of All Saints', Derby, 1848-1849. Came to the Red River Settlement as bishop of Rupert's Land, 1849. Remained until 1864, when he returned to England.

Subsequently vicar of Clifton and chancellor of St. Paul's Cathedral, London. =Bib.=: Works: _Notes on the Flood; Net in the Bay_. For biog.

_see_, Mockridge, _The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland_; Machray, _Life of Archbishop Machray_.

=Andros, Sir Edmund= (1637-1713). Appointed governor of New York, 1674; governor of all the New England colonies, 1685. Recalled on account of his extreme unpopularity, 1688. Subsequently governor of Virginia, 1692-1698. =Index=: =F= Governor of New England, 263; seized and imprisoned, 266. =L= His offer respecting liquor traffic, 173. =Bib.=: Whitmore, _Andros Tracts_ (Prince Soc., 1868-1874); Ferguson, _Essays in American History_.

=Aneda=. =Ch= An Indian chief, 29.

=Aneda=. An evergreen, used by Jacques Cartier and his men as a remedy against scurvy. Parkman suggests that it was a spruce, or, more probably, an arbor-vitae. Douglas believes it to have been balsam.

Cartier spells the name _ameda_, and Lescarbot, _annedda_. =Index=: =Ch= Remedy for scurvy, 29; the Iroquois word for spruce tree, 30.

=Ange Gardien=. A village on the St. Lawrence, north sh.o.r.e, below Quebec. Index: =WM= Wolfe seriously ill at, 154.

[Ill.u.s.tration: Old Fort, near Annapolis Royal

From the John Ross Robertson collection]

=Angers, Auguste Real= (1838- ). Born in Quebec. Studied law, and called to the bar; made Q.C. 1880, and the same year appointed a puisne judge of the Superior Court of Quebec. Lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1887; resigned and called to the Senate, 1892. Minister of agriculture, 1892-1895; president of the Council, 1896. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; Chapais, _Angers_ (Men of the Day).

=Anglican Church.= _See_ Church of England.

=Anglin, Timothy Warren= (1822-1886). Born in Ireland. Came to St. John, New Brunswick, 1849. Established _Weekly Freeman_ that year. Elected to New Brunswick Legislature for St. John, 1860. Opposed Confederation.

Elected to the House of Commons, 1867, for Gloucester. Elected Speaker, 1874, and again in 1878. =Index=: =C= Demands disallowance of New Brunswick Act abolishing separate schools, 73. =T= Elected for St. John to New Brunswick a.s.sembly on Anti-Confederate ticket, 85; member of Smith government, 91; his influence, 93; differences with colleagues in railway matter, 94; resigns his seat, 1865, 95; defeated for county of St. John, 1866, 109. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._

=Angus, Richard Bladworth= (1831- ). Born at Bathgate, near Edinburgh.

Came to Canada, 1857, and joined the staff of the Bank of Montreal. Rose steadily in the service of the bank, and in 1869 became general manager.

President of the Bank of Montreal, 1910; and director of the Canadian Pacific Railway. =Index=: =Md= Director of Canadian Pacific Railway syndicate, 236. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.

=Anian, Strait of.= Dr. Ruge says that the name arose through a misunderstanding of Marco Polo's book (bk. 3, ch. 5). His Ania "is no doubt the present Anam, but the Dutch cartographers thought that this land was in north-east Asia, and called the strait that was said to separate the continents the Strait of Anian." The name appears for the first time on Gerh. Mercator's famous maritime chart of 1569. =Index=: =D= History of search for, 2; De Fuca's voyage to, 9; Carver's River of Oregon, 20. =Bib.=: Soph. Ruge, _Fretum Aniam_; Dawson, _Canada_.

=Annand, William= (1808-1892). Born in Halifax County. Entered the Nova Scotia a.s.sembly as one of the members for Halifax, 1836; financial secretary in Howe's ministry, 1860-1863. An active opponent of Confederation. Formed the first Anti-Confederate or repeal government in Nova Scotia, 1867; retired in 1874 to accept the position of immigration agent at London, where he died. =Index=: =H= Elected to represent Halifax in Nova Scotia Legislature, as Joseph Howe's colleague, 1836, 29; a.s.sumes control of _Nova Scotian_, 74-75; publishes _Morning Chronicle_, 75; advocates central non-sectarian college for Nova Scotia, 82; becomes financial secretary of province, 169; Wm. Miller brings action against for libel, 188; goes to London, 1866, as Anti-Confederate delegate, 192; becomes head of Nova Scotia government, 202; member of repeal delegation to London, 1868, 204; turns against Howe, 208, 209, 217; receives vote of thanks from Nova Scotia Legislature, 218. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova Scotia_.

=Annapolis Royal.= When Nicholson, with his fleet and New England troops, captured Port Royal in 1710, he changed the name to Annapolis Royal, in honour of Queen Anne. It was besieged the following year by the Acadians with their Micmac and Pen.o.bscot allies, but the New England garrison held the fort. Under treaty of Utrecht, 1713, ceded to England by France. In 1744 Paul Mascarene successfully defended the place against Du Vivier. _See also_ Port Royal. =Bib.=: Calnek and Savary, _History of the County of Annapolis_; Nicholson, _Journal of the Capture of Annapolis_ (N. S. Hist. Soc., vol. 1).

=Anne, Saint.= =L= Chapel dedicated to, in the church at Quebec, 84; chapels erected to, at Beaupre, 101; relic of, 102.

=Annexation to United States.= A fitful movement, never reaching serious proportions, and generally the result of temporary or local dissatisfaction with political conditions, or of commercial depression.

Goldwin Smith was for many years its prophet. =Index=: =Md= Favoured by small wing of Reform party, 23; manifesto issued by business men of Montreal, its causes, 39, 40, 95; opposition to Confederation raises hopes of American party, 118; movement in Nova Scotia, 145; movement in British Columbia, 149; Goldwin Smith, the gloomy prophet of, 293; advocated by Edward Farrer, 312-313. =Mc= W. L. Mackenzie not in favour of, 10. =BL= Manifesto of 1849, 336; Sir John Abbott on, 336; advocated by many of the Radicals of Lower Canada, 343. =C= Advocated by Democratic party in Quebec, 26; said by Elgin to be popular among commercial cla.s.ses in 1849, 44; countenanced by Sir John Abbott and L.

H. Holton, 44-45; what it would mean for Quebec, 64. =B= Threatened by repeal of Corn Laws in 1846, 31, 32; the Montreal Manifesto, 36-37; sentiment for, charged against Clear Grits, 42; opposition charged with, in Confederation debate, 185; Brown holds that Reciprocity scheme designed to promote, 194; charge of, denied by Canada First party, 237.

=E= Sentiment for, in 1847, 5; Elgin on, 58; Montreal Manifesto, 80-82; advocated by the _Parti Rouge_, 109; Elgin's efforts to counteract movement, 189-190; Durham on, 192-193; conditions favouring movement, 194-195; repeal of Reciprocity Treaty designed to promote, 202. =P= Threatened in Ninety-Two Resolutions, 92-93; advocated in 1848, and since Confederation, 96; advocated by Papineau, O'Callaghan, and their friends, 97. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_; Weir, _Sixty Years in Canada_; Kirby, _Counter Manifesto to the Annexationists of Montreal_; Denison, _The Struggle for Imperial Unity_.

=Anse des Meres.= =WM= Frigates stationed at, 87; British vessels anch.o.r.ed at, 124.

=Anstruther's Regiment.= =WM= In the attack on Quebec, 135; secures Sillery road, 183; detachment keeps Bougainville's corps in check, 189.

=Antell.= =Dr= A disaffected Montrealer, 122.

=Anticosti=. The first mention of the island is in Cartier's narrative of his first voyage, 1534. The following year he again visited the island, which he named Isle de l'a.s.somption. On the origin of the present Indian name, _see_ W. F. Ganong's note, Royal Society _Trans._, 1889, II, 51. Placed under jurisdiction of Newfoundland in 1763; transferred to Canada, 1774. =Bib.=: Huard, _Labrador et Anticosti_; Guay, _Lettres sur l'ile Anticosti_; Schmitt, _Monographie de l'ile d'Anticosti;_ Lewis, _Menier and his Island_.

=Apprenticeship, System of.= =L= Adopted with new-comers, in New France, 78.

=Archambault, Louis.= =C= Confirms statements as to Cartier's action in connection with alleged alterations in British North America Act, 103.

=E= Member of Seigniorial Commission, 186.

=Archibald, Sir Adams George= (1814-1892). Educated at Pictou Academy.

Studied law; in 1838 called to the bar of Prince Edward Island; and to that of Nova Scotia in 1839. Elected to the Nova Scotia a.s.sembly for Colchester, 1851. Attorney-general of Nova Scotia, 1860-1863. Delegate to the various Conferences leading up to Confederation. Became secretary of state for the provinces in first Dominion ministry.

Lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 1870-1872; and of Nova Scotia, 1873-1883. Knighted, 1885. =Index=: =Md.= Secretary of state for provinces in first Dominion ministry, 135; succeeds MacDougall as lieutenant-governor of the North-West Territories, 161-162. =H= Becomes solicitor-general and member of Executive Council of Nova Scotia, 1856, 157; attorney-general, 1860, 169; leader of the opposition, 176; delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 1864, 177; supports Confederation, 186; goes to England as delegate to complete Confederation, 189; his interview with Joseph Howe, 189; member of first Dominion ministry, 1867, 198; retires from ministry, and succeeded by Howe, 226. =C= First lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 130. =T= Delegate from Nova Scotia to Charlottetown Conference, 73; delegate to Quebec Conference, 77; secretary of state in first Dominion ministry, 129.

=Bib.=: _Expulsion of Acadians_ (N. S. Hist. Soc., vol. 5). For biog., _see_ Dent, _Can. Por._; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._

=Archibald, Samuel George William= (1777-1846). Born in Colchester County, Nova Scotia. Studied law and practised in Nova Scotia; obtained a seat in the Legislature; became Speaker, solicitor-general, and afterwards attorney-general of the province. Chief-justice of Prince Edward Island, 1824-1828, remaining Speaker of the Nova Scotia a.s.sembly and solicitor-general, during the whole term of his inc.u.mbency of the chief-justiceship. =Index=: =H= Contributes to _The Club_ in Howe's _Nova Scotian_, 10; in House of a.s.sembly, 18; leader of popular party, 35; becomes Speaker, 57; appointed Master of the Rolls, 74. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_.

=Archives.= Provision was made by the Parliament of Canada, in 1872, for an Archives Branch, and Douglas Brymner was appointed Dominion Archivist. His first report appeared in 1873. The earlier reports were of a preliminary nature, but in 1884 the first of the important series of calendars was included in the report. Abbe Verreau made a special report on historical material in Europe bearing on Canadian history, published in 1874. A report on ma.n.u.script material in the colonial archives at Paris, by Edouard Richard, was published as a supplement to the report for 1899. Dr. Brymner died in 1902, and Arthur G. Doughty was appointed Dominion Archivist in 1904. The report for 1905, in 3 vols., represented a new departure; the publication of calendars was abandoned, and replaced by volumes containing series of doc.u.ments relating to definite subjects, systematically arranged. The archives were moved into a special building in 1907. In 1910 began the issue of a series of publications, containing historical journals and other special material.

Provincial archives, of a more or less distinct character, have also been established in the provinces of Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, British Columbia, Manitoba, and Alberta. =Index=: =Hd= Quoted, 254; Haldimand collection in, 319.

=Arctic Archipelago.= Embraces the islands lying north of the mainland of Canada. Transferred to the Dominion by an Imperial order-in-council, Sept. 1, 1880. =Bib.=: Johnson, _Canada's Northern Fringe_.

=Argall, Sir Samuel.= Born in Walthamstow, England. A type of the founders of British colonial dominion. Sent, May, 1609, with a small vessel to the new settlement at Jamestown, Va., to trade and fish. The following year took out Lord Delaware to Jamestown, arriving in time to save the colony from starvation. In 1812 carried off Pocahontas to the settlement of Jamestown. Later in the year sent with a vessel of 14 guns to destroy the French settlements on the north coast, regarded as infringing on the Virginia patent. Captured Mount Desert, St. Croix, and Port Royal. On return voyage forced the commandant at New Amsterdam to recognize English suzerainty by hauling down the Dutch flag and running up the English. May, 1617, made deputy governor of Virginia. In 1620 served against the Algerine pirates under Sir Robert Mansell. Knighted in 1622. In 1625 admiral of a squadron cruising after a hostile Dunkirk fleet, and took some prizes. In October, 1625, with the futile expedition against Cadiz under Lord Wimbledon. Died, 1626. =Bib.=: Argall's own narrative; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_; Calnek and Savary, _History of the County of Annapolis_.

=Argenson, Pierre de Voyer, Vicomte d'= (1626-1710). Succeeded Jean de Lauson as governor of New France, 1658. His governorship marked by personal quarrels with Laval, and a series of humiliating raids throughout the colony by the Iroquois. Recalled in 1661. =Index=: =F= Arrives as governor, 43; on Laval, 45. =L= His opinion of Laval, 29; hostility to Maisonneuve, 176. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_; Douglas, _Old France in the New World_.

=Argyll, John Douglas Sutherland Campbell, ninth Duke of= (1845- ).

Married H. R. H. Princess Louise, 1871; succeeded to dukedom, 1900.

Represented Argyllshire in Parliament, 1868-1878. Governor-general of Canada (as Marquis of Lorne), 1878-1883. Founded Royal Society of Canada, 1881. =Index=: =Md= Refers Letellier difficulty to Imperial government, 249-250. =Bib.=: Works: _Memories of Canada and Scotland_; _Imperial Federation_; _Canadian Pictures_; _Pa.s.sages from the Past_.

For biog., _see_ Dent, _Can. Por._; _Who's Who_; Collins, _Canada under the Administration of Lord Lorne_.

=Arkansas River.= =L= Reached by Jolliet and Marquette, 146.

=Armistice.= In War of 1812. =Index=: =Bk= Effects of, 261-263, 269, 272; termination of, 270; position of enemy strengthened during its continuance, 272.

=Armour, John Douglas= (1830-1903). Educated at Upper Canada College and the University of Toronto; studied law and called to the bar, 1853; made Q.C., 1867; Bencher of the Law Society, 1871. Appointed a puisne judge of the Court of Queen's Bench of Ontario, 1877; raised to the chief-justiceship, 1887. Chief-justice of Ontario and president of the Court of Appeal, 1890. Judge of the Supreme Court of Canada, 1902; in the same year represented Canada on the Alaska Boundary Commission.

=Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; Dent, _Can. Por._

=Armstrong, Lawrence.= Came to Nova Scotia as lieutenant-colonel of General Philipps's regiment. Appointed to the governor's Council, 1720.

Appointed lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1724; held office until 1739. Served in America for more than thirty years. Committed suicide, 1739. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; _Selections from the Public Doc.u.ments of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins.

=Arnold, Benedict= (1741-1801). A druggist at New Haven, Conn. When the War of Independence broke out, in 1775, organized an expedition against British on Lake Champlain. The same year led a body of picked men to Quebec by way of the Kennebec and Chaudiere. After the unsuccessful a.s.sault on Quebec, was in several small engagements near Montreal; finally driven out of the province. Given command of Philadelphia; took offence at slights put upon him by Congress, and attempted to betray West Point to Clinton. Afterwards commanded a corps of American refugees on the British side; settled for a time in the West Indies; died in London. =Index=: =Dr= Captures and abandons Fort St. Johns, 83; his early life, 104; a.s.signed command of expedition against Quebec, 105; const.i.tution of his force, 106; his march through the wilderness, 107-109; a.s.sisted by the _habitants_, 110; crosses St. Lawrence and lands at Wolfe's Cove, 110; sends summons for surrender of Quebec, 111; retires to Pointe aux Trembles, 111; repulsed and wounded in attack on Quebec, 128; surrender of his men, 131; is transferred to Montreal, 132-135; advances to meet Foster, 142; burns chateau of Senneville, 143; his narrow escape, 147; in command of American ships on Lake Champlain, 155; defeated near Crown Point, 156. =S= Applies for grant of land in Upper Canada, 104. =Hd= His repulse at Quebec, 112; the invasion, 127; his "Address to the People of America," 227; commissioners sent to Montreal to confer with, 276; furnishes list of rebels to Clinton, 281.

_See also_ Montgomery; Ethan Allen; American Invasion. =Bib.=: Arnold, _Life of Benedict Arnold_; Todd, _The Real Benedict Arnold_; Sparks, _American Biography_; Codman, _Arnold's Expedition to Quebec_; Henry, _Arnold's Campaign against Quebec_; Smith, _Arnold's March from Cambridge to Quebec_; Jones, _The Campaign for the Conquest of Canada in 1776_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Arnoux.= =WM= King's surgeon, Montcalm carried into house of, 218.

=Aroostook War=, 1839. =W= Arose out of unsettled boundary question between Maine and New Brunswick, 135. =Bib.=: Sprague, _The North-Eastern Boundary Controversy and the Aroostook War_.

=Arrangement of 1830.= Provided that United States vessels should have access to ports in the British West Indies, in return for a similar privilege granted to British vessels in the ports of the United States.

=Arthur.= Clergyman. =Index=: =S= Teaches school at Niagara, 167-168.