The Makers of Canada: Index and Dictionary of Canadian History Part 11

=Cables.= The first submarine cables in America were those laid between New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, 1851; and between Cape Breton and Newfoundland, 1856. Newfoundland was connected with Ireland by cable in 1858. In 1902 the Pacific Cable was laid, between Canada and New Zealand and Australia. _See also_ Gisborne; Fleming. =Bib.=: Bright, _Submarine Telegraphs_; Johnson, _The All Red Line_.

=Cabot, John.= Probably a native of Genoa. Became a citizen of Venice, March 28, 1476, and at that time had been a resident of the city for fifteen years. Went to England, and in 1497, under the direct authority of Henry VII, sailed to the westward on a voyage of discovery. Landed on the sh.o.r.es of America, but his exact landfall has been a moot point. It is now generally believed that it was the easternmost cape of Cape Breton. The following year sailed again, but there is no record that he ever returned from this second voyage. =Bib.=: Beazley, _John and Sebastian Cabot_; Dawson, _The Voyages of the Cabots_ (R. S. C., 1894, 1896, 1897); Deane, _Voyages of the Cabots_, in Winsor, _Nar. & Cr.

Hist. of America_, vol. 3; Harrisse, _John Cabot, the Discoverer of North America_; Weare, _Cabot's Discovery of North America_; Ober. _John and Sebastian Cabot_. =Cabot, Sebastian= (1477?-1557?). Son of John Cabot. His share in the discovery of North America has been the subject of much controversy. From having once been regarded as the sole discoverer, it is now considered doubtful that he had anything to do with the voyages of 1497 and 1498. He was in the service of Spain, and also of England, receiving from Edward VI the t.i.tle of Grand Pilot of England. =Bib.=: Biddle, _Memoir of Sebastian Cabot_; Nicholls, _Life of Sebastian Cabot_; Tarducci, _John and Sebastian Cabot_. These are favourable to Sebastian's claims. _See_ references under preceding entry for the other side of the controversy.

=Cadboro.= =D= First sea-going vessel on Fraser River, 116; arrives at Victoria from Fort Vancouver, 180; leaves for the Columbia, 180; built 1824, destroyed 1862, 180.

=Cadet, Joseph Michel.= Began life as a butcher; won the confidence of the intendant Bigot, and as commissary-general seconded him in his infamous schemes for plundering the colony. =Index=: =WM= Commissary of stores, 88; makes his headquarters at Beauport, 88; feeds his poultry with grain, while the people starve, 88. _See_ Bigot.

=Cadieux.= A French _coureur de bois_, whose tragic death forms the subject of one of the popular _chansons_ of Quebec. His reputed grave is at the foot of Grand Calumet Island, on the Ottawa. =Bib.=: Le Moine, _Legends of the St. Lawrence_; Bourinot, _The Ottawa Valley_ in the _Canadian Monthly_, January, 1875; Gagnon, _Chansons Populaires_.

=Cadillac, Antoine de la Motte.= Came to Canada as an officer of the Carignan Regiment. In 1694 appointed to the command of the post at Michilimackinac. In 1701 built a fort at Detroit, and remained in command there until 1710. From 1712-1717 governor of Louisiana.

Subsequently appointed governor of Castel Sara.s.sin, in Gascony, his native province. Died there Oct. 16, 1730. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_; _Cadillac Papers_ (Michigan Pion. & Hist. _Coll._, vol. 33).

=Cadot, Jean-Baptiste.= Pioneer fur trader in the West. When the French abandoned their fort at Sault Ste. Marie, Cadot remained behind with his native wife and family. Alexander Henry found him there in 1762; in charge of the fort when Carver visited the place five years later. Is said to have been still alive in 1812. =Bib.=: Henry, _Travels and Adventures in Canada_; Carver, _Travels through the Interior Parts of North America_; Morice, _Dict._

=Caen, Emery de.= =Ch= Nephew of Guillaume, 137; left in command of colony, 141; prohibits psalm-singing by Huguenots on his ships, 156; his character, 182; actively defends colony, 183; captured by Thomas Kirke; returns to France, 185; his ship the _Helene_ restored to him, 221. =F= Takes over Quebec from the English, 23. =Bib.=: Douglas, _Quebec in Seventeenth Century_; Biggar, _Early Trading Companies of New France_; Kirke, _The First English Conquest of Canada_.

=Caen, Ezechiel de.= =Ch= Brother of Guillaume, 137.

=Caen, Guillaume de.= =Ch= Head of Company formed by Montmorency, 131, 132; difficulties with the old Company, 133 _et seq._; returns to France, 136; comes out to Canada, and returns to France, 138; arrives with supplies, June, 1624, 140; sails for France, 141; brings out Jesuit fathers, 152; appoints Raymond de la Ralde as admiral of Company's fleet, 155; disposed to overlook murder of a Frenchman by an Indian, 161; his character as given by Theodat-Sagard, 182; Cardinal Richelieu suspicious of, 183; his merchandise seized by Kirke, 183; disagreement with Kirke as to goods seized at Quebec, 217-222. =F= Head of trading Company, 23. =Bib.=: Douglas, _Quebec in Seventeenth Century_; Biggar, _Early Trading Companies of New France_; Kirke, _The First English Conquest of Canada_.

=Caesar, Sir Julius= (1558-1636). Sat in Parliament, 1589-1622; chancellor of the exchequer, 1606; master of the Rolls, 1614-1636.

=Index=: =Ch= English commissioner in matter of Canada, 214. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Cahaigue.= =Ch= Largest of the Huron villages, 89.

=Caire, M. de.= =WM= Engineer, constructs defences on river St. Charles, 86.

=Caldwell, Henry.= =Dr= His house occupied by Arnold, 111; commands British militia in siege of Quebec, 115; his house burnt by Arnold, 121.

=Bib.=: Lemoine, _The Hon. Henry Caldwell, L.C., at Quebec_.

=Caldwell, Sir John.= Eldest son of Sir James Caldwell, the third baronet. Succeeded his father, 1784. Appointed receiver-general of Lower Canada, and found to have misappropriated the public funds. Made restoration afterwards of the greater part of the amount.

Died in England, 1830. =Index=: =P= Receiver-general, Lower Canada,--misappropriates public funds, 56; government fails to prosecute him, 57. =Bib.=: Christie, _History of Lower Canada_; Morgan, _Cel.

Can._

=Caledonia.= =Bk= Brig belonging to North West Company, 210; captured by Americans at Fort Erie, 289.

=Callic.u.m.= Indian chief. =D= His relations with Meares at Nootka, 27.

=Callieres, Louis-Hector de= (1646?-1703). Born at Cherbourg, son of Jacques de Callieres, governor of Cherbourg. Entered the army, and became captain of the regiment of Navarre. In 1684 came to Canada as governor of Montreal; and in 1699 appointed governor-general of the colony. Died at Quebec. =Index=: =F= Memorandum by, on French claims in Hudson Bay, 204; commands regular troops in attack on Iroquois, 209; sent to France to represent situation of colony, 230; leads eight hundred men from Montreal to defence of Quebec, 292; commands vanguard in attack on Onondagas, 351; commended in despatches, 353; succeeds Frontenac as governor, 362. =L= Placed in charge of Fort Frontenac (Cataraqui), 214; proceeds to France, 218; succeeds Frontenac as governor, 235; death of, 235. =Bib.=: Sulte, _La Famille de Callieres_ (R. S. C., 1890); Parkman, _Half Century of Conflict_.

=Calvinistic Agents.= =Ch= Fanaticism of, 86.

=Camaret, Marie (Mme. Hersault).= =Ch= Cousin of Champlain, contests his will, 265.

=Cameron, David.= Brought up as a draper; drifted to the West Indies, where he had charge of an estate; and thence to New Caledonia. In 1852 superintendent of the coal mines at Nanaimo. Nominated by Douglas as chief justice of Vancouver Island, 1853, and the appointment confirmed by the colonial office the same year. Succeeded by Needham in 1858.

Retired from the bench, 1864. Died at Belmont, Vancouver Island, 1872.

=Index=: =D= First chief justice of Vancouver Island, 200; charges preferred against, 200. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of British Columbia_.

=Cameron, Duncan.= Son of a United Empire Loyalist; born at Schenectady, on the Mohawk. His father brought the family to Canada, and settled in Glengarry. The son entered the service of the North West Company, in 1786, and was for many years in charge of the Nipigon district. In 1814 sent to Red River, to oppose Selkirk's plans. In 1816, before the Seven Oaks affair, seized by Colin Robertson, of the Hudson's Bay Company, carried to York Factory, and sent to England, where he was promptly released. Returned to Canada, settled at Williamstown, and represented Glengarry from 1820 to 1824 in the a.s.sembly of Upper Canada. =Index=: =MS= Sent by North West Company to Red River to break up Red River Colony, 173; wins ten colonists from their allegiance to Selkirk, 173; takes them to Upper Canada, 174; captured by Semple and sent to York Factory, and finally to England, 178. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Manitoba_ and _Hudson's Bay Company_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_; Ma.s.son, _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_. Cameron's _Sketch of the Customs, etc., of the Natives in the Nipigon Country_, and _Nipigon Journal, 1804-1805_, are in Ma.s.son, vol. 2.

=Cameron, James. Mc= Attempts to kidnap Mackenzie, 464.

=Cameron, John Hillyard= (1817-1876). Solicitor-general, Upper Canada, 1846-1848; represented Cornwall in Legislative a.s.sembly, 1846-1847 and 1848-1851; Toronto, 1854; Peel, 1861-1866. Represented Peel in first Dominion Parliament, 1867-1872; Cornwall, 1872-1874; and 1874-1876.

=Index=: =E= Elected 1848, 50. =B= Opposes Confederation scheme, his motion for an appeal to the people defeated, 185. =BL= Defeated in elections of 1848, 279. =Bib.:= Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Cameron, Malcolm= (1808-1876). Elected to a.s.sembly of Upper Canada for Lanark, 1836. A persistent opponent of the Family Compact. Appointed inspector of revenue, under Bagot. Held various offices in the La Fontaine-Baldwin and Hincks administrations. In 1863 resigned his seat, to accept appointment as Queen's Printer. Represented South Lanark in Dominion House, 1874-1876. =Index: B= Opposes George Brown in Kent and Lambton, 1851, 40, 41; a Clear Grit, who had joined Hincks-Morin government, 40-41; defeated by Brown, 77. =BL= Opens discussion on responsible government, 1841, 90; a.s.sistant commissioner of public works, 1848, 284; a bitter opponent of Sir F.B. Head--held minor office under Bagot, radical in his sympathies, 284; his resignation, 337; a leader of the Radicals, 341. =E= Elected 1847, 50; becomes a.s.sistant commissioner of public works, in La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53; a leading member of Clear Grits, 110; joins Hincks-Morin government, 112; president of the Executive Council, 113; becomes minister of new department of agriculture, 117; postmaster-general, 1853, 126; defeated in Lambton, 134; advocates complete secularization of Clergy Reserves, 163. =R= Opposes separate schools, 224. =Bib.=: Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._; Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Morgan, _Cel. Can._

=Cameron, Sir Matthew Crooks= (1822-1887). Born in Dundas, Ontario.

Educated at the Home District Grammar School, Toronto, and at Upper Canada College; studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1849.

Sat in the a.s.sembly for North Ontario, 1861-1863 and 1864-1867. Defeated in North Ontario for election to the House of Commons, 1867. Elected to the Ontario a.s.sembly for East Toronto; provincial secretary, 1867-1871; commissioner of crown lands, 1871-1872; leader of the opposition in the a.s.sembly, 1872-1876. Appointed judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1878; chief-justice of the Common Pleas Division of the High Court of Justice, 1884. =Index: B= Seconds motion to submit Confederation scheme to the people, 185. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Rattray, _The Scot in British North America_; Read, _Lives of the Judges_.

=Cameronians.= =Bk= 26th Regiment, stationed at Fort Niagara, 57.

=Camosun. D= Indian village on site of Victoria, B.C., 175; meaning of name, 175.

=Campbell, Captain. Dr= Accused in connection with Walker affair, 36; tried and acquitted, 38.

=Campbell, General. Dr= Commissioner for exchange of prisoners, 207.

=Campbell, Sir Alexander= (1821-1892). Studied law under John A.

Macdonald, with whom he later formed a partnership; and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1843. Elected to the Legislative Council, 1858; and Speaker, 1863. Commissioner of crown lands, 1864-1866; postmaster-general in first Dominion ministry, 1867-1873; minister of the interior, 1873; receiver-general, 1878-1879; postmaster-general, 1879-1880; 1880-1881; 1885-1887; minister of militia and defence, 1880; minister of justice, 1881-1885. In 1887 appointed lieutenant-governor of Ontario, an office which he retained up to the time of his death.

=Index=: =Md= Enters J. A. Macdonald's law office as a student, 6; forms partnership with Macdonald, 10; his letter to Macdonald on the political situation, 31; postmaster-general in first Dominion Cabinet, 134; consults Imperial government as to proposed withdrawal of troops from Canada, Fenian Raids, etc., 168; his attempt to merge the two Canadian Pacific Railway syndicates, 200. =T= Delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 74; to Quebec Conference, 76; postmaster-general in first Dominion Cabinet, 129. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Read, _Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada_.

=Campbell, Sir Archibald= (1769-1843). Born in Scotland. Entered the army, 1787. Served throughout the Peninsular War, 1808-1814; in 1821 commanded a regiment in India; conducted the Burmese War; and 1826-1829, governor of British Burmah. From 1831 to 1837 lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick. =Index=: =W= Lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, correspondence with G.o.derich on crown lands, 23; with Stanley on same subject, 25; addressed by a.s.sembly on question of revenues, 27; refuses to lay before a.s.sembly his correspondence with colonial secretary, 28; dissolves the a.s.sembly, 29, 31-32; opposed to popular reform, 35; refuses to a.s.sent to Civil List Bill, 44-45, 46; resigns, 47. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.

=Campbell, Sir Colin= (1776-1847). Served in India, 1801-1804, and afterwards in Denmark and the Peninsula; attached to Wellington's staff at the battle of Waterloo; promoted major-general, 1825; lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1834-1840; governor of Ceylon, 1840-1847. =Index=: =H= Lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 45, 58; antagonizes popular party, 62; his removal asked for at the instance of Joseph Howe, 65-67; defended by James W. Johnstone, 67; succeeded by Lord Falkland, 69. =Bib.=: Howe, _Letters and Speeches_; _Dict. Nat.

Biog._; Chisholm, _Speeches and Public Letters of Joseph Howe_; Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova Scotia_. _See also_ Joseph Howe.

=Campbell, Robert= (1808-1894). Entered service of Hudson's Bay Company, 1832, and sent to the Mackenzie River district, 1834. For the next eighteen years, engaged in exploring the upper waters of the Liard and Yukon Rivers, and establishing the fur trade in this region. In 1852 made a remarkable journey on snow-shoes, from Fort Simpson to Crow-wing, Minnesota, about three thousand miles. Made a chief factor, 1867, and retired from the service of the Company, 1871. =Index=: =D= Builds Fort Dease, 1838, 123-124; ordered to Mackenzie River department, 1834, 124; crosses to Pacific by Stikine, 124; Fort Dease burned, 124; ascends Liard River to Lake Francis, crosses to Lake Finlayson, and reaches Pelly River, 124; builds post on Lake Francis, and at Pelly Banks, 124; descends Pelly to junction with Lewes, 124; builds Fort Selkirk at mouth of Lewes, 124; descends Yukon to mouth of Porcupine, and returns to Fort Simpson by Porcupine and Mackenzie, 125. =MS= Ascends Liard River and discovers the Upper Yukon, 111; a Perthshire Highlander, 228; discoverer of Upper Yukon, 228. =Bib.=: _Discovery and Exploration of the Youcon River._ For biog., _see_ Bryce, _Sketch of the Life and Discoveries of Robert Campbell_ and _Hudson's Bay Company_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_; Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_.

=Campbell, Stewart.= =H= Chosen leader of Anti-Confederation party in Nova Scotia, 187; chairman of Halifax meeting on behalf of Joseph Howe, 194; elected to House of Commons for Guysborough, 1867; supports Confederation, 203. =Bib.=: Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova Scotia_.

=Campbell, Major William.= =Dr= His correspondence with General Wayne, 286. =S= Placed in command of fort at rapids of Miami, 136; refuses to evacuate fort at summons of General Wayne, 139; his conduct highly approved by Simcoe, 140.

=Campbell, Sir William= (1758-1834). Born in Scotland. Enlisted as a private in a Highland regiment; came to America during the Revolutionary War; took part in the battle of Yorktown, 1781; after his release determined to remain in America. Studied law and called to the bar of Nova Scotia; practised his profession for nineteen years; elected to the a.s.sembly of Cape Breton; attorney-general. Appointed to a puisne judgeship in Upper Canada, 1811; chief-justice, 1825; retired, 1829; knighted, 1829. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Read, _Lives of the Judges_.

=Camperdown.= =Bk= Naval victory of, 12.

=Canada.= Discovered by John Cabot in 1497. First settlement made by Jacques Cartier, in 1535, on the banks of the St. Charles. In 1608 Champlain founded the city of Quebec, almost on the spot where Jacques Cartier had wintered; the country ceded to Great Britain by France, by the treaty of Paris, 1763; civil government provided by Quebec Act, 1774; and a measure of responsible government by the Const.i.tutional Act, 1791; invasion by Americans, 1775-1776; War of 1812; Rebellions of 1837-1838, in Upper and Lower Canada; union of Upper and Lower Canada, 1841; Confederation of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, 1867; Manitoba added to the Dominion, 1870; British Columbia, 1871; Prince Edward Island, 1873; provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta created, 1905. =Index=: =Dr= Surrender of, 2; under military rule till conclusion of peace, 2; acquisition of, by Britain, hastened American Revolution, 3; ceded by treaty of Paris to Great Britain, 7; its wide extent at that time, 8; French population of, at cession, 9; English-speaking population, 9; pet.i.tion for restoration of its ancient limits, 61; division of, into two provinces proposed, 248; political possibilities after conquest, 253-257; boundaries of, not defined by Const.i.tutional Act, 260. =B= Party government--origin of the double ministries, 81-82; election frauds in 1857, 99-100; process of expansion--Confederation and after, 264. =E= First railway in, 99; early political conditions in, 17-40; difficulties connected with responsible government in, 26; principles of responsible government, 228; her political system contrasted with that of United States, 241 _et seq._ =WM= Interests French commanders and their men but little, 11; its vulnerable points, 17; its strong social and political organization gave it an advantage in war, 24; but was unfavourable to internal development, 24. =Sy= Rapid progress made in Anglicizing previous to pa.s.sing of Quebec Act, 63; unfortunate change of policy regarding, 64. =F= Population of, 36, 55, 58, 131, 147, 148; poverty of impresses Sister Bourgeoys, 39; morals of the people, 58, 59; overgoverned, 131; trade, 148; affected by all the vicissitudes of mother country, 150, 151; "farmers" of revenue appointed for, 154; Bishop St. Vallier's first description of country and inhabitants, 192; Governor Denonville's description, 192; St. Vallier's revised opinion, 193; real character of the people, 193-195; state of depression throughout the country, 219, 240; drinking habits of people, 223; described by Laval as the country of miracles, 301; exhaustion of, after departure of New England fleet, 305, 317. _See also_ New France; Cartier, Jacques; Cabot, John; Champlain; Quebec Act; Const.i.tutional Act; Union Act; Upper Canada; Lower Canada; Confederation.

=Canada Act.= _See_ Const.i.tutional Act.

=Canada Company.= Founded in London, 1824, by John Gait, as a colonizing scheme. A large tract of land was purchased in what is now western Ontario. Dunlop, Talbot, Strickland, and other pioneers of Upper Canada were a.s.sociated with Gait in the enterprise. The company is still in existence. =Index=: =E= An agency in settlement of Upper Canada, 145; its unpopularity, 145. =R= Offers to buy Clergy Reserves, 50. =B= Recommends whiskey to intending immigrants, 75. _See also_ Galt, John; Dunlop, William; Talbot, Thomas. =Bib.=: Lizars, _In the Days of the Canada Company_; Strickland, _Twenty-seven Years in Canada West_; Galt, _Autobiography_; Jameson, _Winter Sketches_; Talbot, _Six Years in the Canadas_; McTaggart, _Three Years in Upper Canada_; Dunlop, _The Backwoodsman_.

=Canada Corn Act=, 1843. =C= Builds up flour industry in Canada, 43.

=Canada First a.s.sociation.= =B= Platform, 235; criticized by the _Globe_, 236; suspected of aiming at national independence, 237; Goldwin Smith, leader of party, attacked by _Globe_, 237; his reply, 238; spirit of the movement, 239; its effect, 240-241; Liberal party injured by hostility to movement, 240-242. =Md= Formed in Toronto, 1870, 226; its policy, 226. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_; _Canada First: A Memorial of the Late William A. Foster_; Denison, _The Struggle for Imperial Unity_.