The Future: six drivers of global change Part 133

119 text messaging and email into cities throughout India

Vikas Bajaj, "Internet a.n.a.lysts Question India's Efforts to Stem Panic," New York Times, August 21, 2012.

120 stronger cyclones (known as hurricanes in the U.S.) gain energy from warmer seas

Kerry Emanuel et al., "Hurricanes and Global Warming: Results from Down-scaling IPCC AR4 Simulations," American Meteorological Society 89 (March 2008): 34767.

121 magnified by storm surges that carry the ocean inland

Claudia Tebaldi et al., "Modeling Sea Level Rise Impacts on Storms Surges Along US Coasts," Environmental Research Letters 7 (2012).

122 New York City was put on emergency alert

James Barron, "With Hurricane Irene Near, 370,000 in New York City Get Evacuation Order," New York Times, August 26, 2011.

123 that can be closed to protect the city against such surges

Steve Connor, "Sea Levels Rising Too Fast for Thames Barrier," Independent, March 22, 2008.

124 cities with the highest population at risk from rising seas

Susan Hanson et al., "A Global Ranking of Port Cities with High Exposure to Climate Extremes," Climatic Change 104 (December 2010).

125 cities with the most exposed a.s.sets vulnerable to sea level rise

Ibid.

126 into areas from which they may once again become climate refugees

Dizery Salim, United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, "Climate Migrants Risk More Harm in New Surroundings," 2012, http://www.unisdr.org/archive/28113.

127 are slowly sinking, in a kind of seesaw effect

Michael Lemonick, "The Secret of Sea Level Rise: It Will Vary Greatly by Region," March 22, 2010, Yale Environment 360.

128 for a mixture of complicated reasons

OurAmazingPlanet Staff, "City of Venice Still Sinking, Study Says," March 21, 2010, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-205_162-57401506/city-of-venice-still-sinking-study-says/; Forrest Wilder, "That Sinking Feeling," Texas Observer, November 1, 2007.

129 between South Carolina and Rhode Island, for example

Asbury Sallenger, "Hotspot of Accelerated Sea-Level Rise on the Atlantic Coast of North America," Nature Climate Change 2 (May 2012).

130 salt.w.a.ter intrusion into drinking water wells and aquifers

Cameron McWhirter and Mike Esterl, "Salt.w.a.ter in Mississippi Taints Drinking Supply," Wall Street Journal, August 17, 2012.

131 Approximately 30 percent of human-caused CO2 emissions

C. L. Sabine et al., "The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO2," Science, July 16, 2004.

132 oceans more acidic than at any time in the last 55 million years

Andy Ridgwell and Daniela Schmidt, "Past Constraints on the Vulnerability of Marine Calcifiers to Ma.s.sive Carbon Dioxide Release," Nature Geoscience 3 (February 2010).

133 faster than at any time in the last 300 million years

Barbel Honisch et al., "The Geologic Record of Ocean Acidification," Science, March 2012.

134 ocean acidification global warming's "evil twin"

"Ocean Acidification Is Climate Change's 'Equally Evil Twin,' NOAA Chief Says," a.s.sociated Press, July 12, 2012.

135 several events in the s.p.a.ce of a few years can and do kill the reefs