The Future: six drivers of global change Part 118

527 Although the United States is by far the largest grower

International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications, ISAAA Brief 43-2011, Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2011, http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/43/executivesummary/default.asp.

528 Monsanto's Roundup herbicide, are the largest GM crop globally

Ibid.; "Monsanto Strong-Arms Seed Industry," a.s.sociated Press, January 4, 2011.

529 Corn is the second most widely planted GM crop

International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications, ISAAA Brief 43-2011, Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2011.

530 In the U.S., 95 percent of soybeans planted

"Monsanto Strong-Arms Seed Industry," a.s.sociated Press, January 4, 2011.

531 must purchase from Monsanto or one of their licensees

International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications, ISAAA Brief 43-2011, Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2011.

532 known as "rapeseed" outside the United States

E. S. Oplinger et al., "Canola (Rapeseed)," Alternative Field Crops Manual, 1989, http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/canola.html.

533 three generations, or waves, of the technology

J. Fernandez-Cornejo and M. Caswell, "The First Decade of Genetically Engineered Crops in the United States," U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 2006; Gurian-Sherman, Failure to Yield.

534 The introduction of genes that give corn

Gurian-Sherman, Failure to Yield.

535 Genes introduced into corn

Ibid. "Monsanto Strong-Arms Seed Industry," a.s.sociated Press; Beverly Bell, "Haitian Farmers Commit to Burning Monsanto Hybrid Seeds," Huffington Post, May 17, 2010, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/beverly-bell/haitian-farmers-commit-to_b_578807.html.

536 designed to enhance the survivability of crops during droughts

Fernandez-Cornejo and Caswell, "The First Decade of Genetically Engineered Crops in the United States." It is worth noting that plant geneticists have also engineered a new variety of rice designed to survive complete submergence in water for more than two weeks; it is now being tested in rice fields in the Philippines that have been hit hard by flooding.

537 report initial reductions in their cost of production

National Research Council, "Impact of Genetically Engineered Crops on Farm Sustainability in the United States," 2010.

538 strain that is engineered to produce its own insecticide

Ibid.; Calestous Juma, "Agricultural Biotechnology: Benefits, Opportunities and Leadership," Testimony to the U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Agriculture, Subcommittee on Rural Development, Research, Biotechnology and Foreign Agriculture, June 23, 2011, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/juma-house-testimony-june-23-2011-rev.pdf.

539 In India the new Bt cotton made the nation a net exporter

Juma, "Agricultural Biotechnology."

540 have begun to protest the high cost of the GM seeds

Gargi Parsai, "Protests Mark 10th Anniversary of Bt Cotton," Hindu, March 27, 2012; Zia Haq, "Ministry Blames Bt Cotton for Farmer Suicides," Hindustan Times, March 26, 2012.

541 that field trials of GM crops "under any garb"

Pallava Bagla, "India Should Be More Wary of GM Crops, Parliamentary Panel Says," ScienceInsider, August 2012.

542 the intrinsic yields of the crops themselves are not increased at all

National Research Council, "Impact of Genetically Engineered Crops on Farm Sustainability in the United States," 2010.

543 unexpected collateral changes in the plants' genetic code

Gurian-Sherman, Failure to Yield.