The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals Part 21

[Footnote 1012: 'Body and Mind,' 1870, pp. 51-53.]

[Footnote 1013: Le Brun, in his well-known 'Conference sur l'Expression'

('La Physionomie, par Lavater,' edit. of 1820, vol. lx. p. 268), remarks that anger is expressed by the clenching of the fists. See, to the same effect, Huschke, 'Mimices et Physiognomices, Fragmentum Physiologic.u.m,'

1824, p. 20. Also Sir C. Bell, 'Anatomy of Expression,' p. 219.]

[Footnote 1014: Transact. Philosoph. Soc., Appendix, 1746, p. 65.]

[Footnote 1015: 'Anatomy of Expression,' p. 136. Sir C. Bell calls (p.

131) the muscles which uncover the canines the snarling muscles.]

[Footnote 1016: Hensleigh Wedgwood, 'Dictionary of English Etymology,'

1865, vol. iii. pp. 240, 243.]

[Footnote 1017: 'The Descent of Man,' 1871, vol. L p. 126.]

[Footnote 1101: 'De In Physionomie et la Parole,' 1865, p. 89.]

[Footnote 1102: 'Physionomie Humaine,' Alb.u.m, Legende viii. p. 35.

Gratiolet also speaks (De la Phys. 1865, p. 52) of the turning away of the eyes and body.]

[Footnote 1103: Dr. W. Ogle, in an interesting paper on the Sense of Smell ('Medico-Chirurgical Transactions,' vol. liii. p. 268), shows that when we wish to smell carefully, instead of taking one deep nasal inspiration, we draw in the air by a succession of rapid short sniffs.

If "the nostrils be watched during this process, it will be seen that, so far from dilating, they actually contract at each sniff. The contraction does not include the whole anterior opening, but only the posterior portion." He then explains the cause of this movement. When, on the other hand, we wish to exclude any odour, the contraction, I presume, affects only the anterior part of the nostrils.]

[Footnote 1104: 'Mimik und Physiognomik,' ss. 84, 93. Gratiolet (ibid.

p. 155) takes nearly the same view with Dr. Piderit respecting the expression of contempt and disgust.]

[Footnote 1105: Scorn implies a strong form of contempt; and one of the roots of the word 'scorn' means, according to Mr. Wedgwood (Dict. of English Etymology, vol. iii. p. 125), ordure or dirt. A person who is scorned is treated like dirt.]

[Footnote 1106: 'Early History of Mankind,' 2nd edit. 1870, p. 45.]

[Footnote 1107: See, to this effect, Mr. Hensleigh Wedgwood's Introduction to the 'Dictionary of English Etymology,' 2nd edit. 1872, p. x.x.xvii.]

[Footnote 1108: d.u.c.h.enne believes that in the eversion of the lower lip, the corners are drawn downwards by the _depressores anguli oris_. Henle (Handbuch d. Anat. des Menschen, 1858, B. i. s. 151) concludes that this is effected by the _musculus quadratus menti_.]

[Footnote 1109: As quoted by Tylor, 'Primitive Culture,' 1871, vol. i.

p. 169.]

[Footnote 1110: Both these quotations are given by Mr. H. Wedgwood, 'On the Origin of Language,' 1866, p. 75.]

[Footnote 1111: This is stated to be the case by Mr. Tylor (Early Hist.

of Mankind, 2nd edit. 1870, p. 52); and he adds, "it is not clear why this should be so."]

[Footnote 1112: 'Principles of Psychology,' 2nd edit. 1872, p. 552.]

[Footnote 1113: Gratiolet (De la Phys. p. 351) makes this remark, and has some good observations on the expression of pride. See Sir C.

Bell ('Anatomy of Expression,' p. 111) on the action of the _musculus superbus_.]

[Footnote 1114: 'Anatomy of Expression,' p. 166.]

[Footnote 1115: 'Journey through Texas,' p. 352.]

[Footnote 1116: Mrs. Oliphant, 'The Brownlows,' vol. ii. p. 206.]

[Footnote 1117: 'Essai sur le Langage,' 2nd edit. 1846. I am much indebted to Miss Wedgwood for having given me this information, with an extract from the work.]

[Footnote 1118: 'On the Origin of Language,' 1866, p. 91.]

[Footnote 1119: 'On the Vocal Sounds of L. Bridgman;' Smithsonian Contributions, 1851, vol. ii. p. 11.]

[Footnote 1120: 'Memoire sur les Microcephales,' 1867, p. 27.]

[Footnote 1121: Quoted by Tylor, 'Early History of Mankind,' 2nd edit.

1870, p. 38.]

[Footnote 1122: Mr. J. B. Jukes, 'Letters and Extracts,' &c. 1871, p.

248.]

[Footnote 1123: F. Lieber, 'On the Vocal Sounds,' &c. p. 11. Tylor, ibid. p. 53.]

[Footnote 1124: Dr. King, Edinburgh Phil. Journal, 1845, p. 313.]

[Footnote 1125: Tylor, 'Early History of Mankind,' 2nd edit. 1870, p.

53.]

[Footnote 1126: Lubbock, 'The Origin of Civilization,' 1870, p. 277.

Tylor, ibid. p. 38. Lieber (ibid. p. 11) remarks on the negative of the Italians.]

[Footnote 1201: 'Mecanisme de la Physionomie,' Alb.u.m, 1862, p. 42.]

[Footnote 1202: 'The Polyglot News Letter,' Melbourne, Dec. 1858, p. 2.]

[Footnote 1203: 'The Anatomy of Expression,' p. 106.]

[Footnote 1204: Mecanisme de la Physionomie,' Alb.u.m, p. 6.]

[Footnote 1205: See, for instance, Dr. Piderit ('Mimik und Physiognomik,' s. 88), who has a good discussion on the expression of surprise.]

[Footnote 1206: Dr. Murie has also given me information leading to the same conclusion, derived in part from comparative anatomy.]

[Footnote 1207: 'De la Physionomie,' 1865, p. 234.]

[Footnote 1208: See, on this subject, Gratiolet, ibid. p. 254.]

[Footnote 1209: Lieber, 'On the Vocal Sounds of Laura Bridgman,'

Smithsonian Contributions, 1851, vol. ii. p. 7.]

[Footnote 1210: 'Wenderholme,' vol. ii. p. 91.]