The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals Part 19

[Footnote 601: The best photographs in my collection are by Mr.

Rejlander, of Victoria Street, London, and by Herr Kindermann, of Hamburg. Figs. 1, 3, 4, and 6 are by the former; and figs. 2 and 5, by the latter gentleman. Fig. 6 is given to show moderate crying in an older child.]

[Footnote 602: Henle ('Handbuch d. Syst. Anat. 1858, B. i. s. 139) agrees with d.u.c.h.enne that this is the effect of the contraction of the _pyramidalis nasi_.]

[Footnote 603: These consist of the _levator labii superioris alaeque nasi_, the _levator labii proprius_, the _malaris_, and the _zygomaticus minor_, or little zygomatic. This latter muscle runs parallel to and above the great zygomatic, and is attached to the outer part of the upper lip. It is represented in fig. 2 (I. p. 24), but not in figs. 1 and 3. Dr. d.u.c.h.enne first showed ('Mecanisme de la Physionomie Humaine,'

Alb.u.m, 1862, p. 39) the importance of the contraction of this muscle in the shape a.s.sumed by the features in crying. Henle considers the above-named muscles (excepting the _malaris_) as subdivisions of the _quadratus labii superioris_.]

[Footnote 604: Although Dr. d.u.c.h.enne has so carefully studied the contraction of the different muscles during the act of crying, and the furrows on the face thus produced, there seems to be something incomplete in his account; but what this is I cannot say. He has given a figure (Alb.u.m, fig. 48) in which one half of the face is made, by galvanizing the proper muscles, to smile; whilst the other half is similarly made to begin crying. Almost all those (viz. nineteen out of twenty-one persons) to whom I showed the smiling half of the face instantly recognized the expression; but, with respect to the other half, only six persons out of twenty-one recognized it,--that is, if we accept such terms as "grief," "misery," "annoyance," as correct;--whereas, fifteen persons were ludicrously mistaken; some of them saying the face expressed "fun," "satisfaction," "cunning,"

"disgust," &c. We may infer from this that there is something wrong in the expression. Some of the fifteen persons may, however, have been partly misled by not expecting to see an old man crying, and by tears not being secreted. With respect to another figure by Dr. d.u.c.h.enne (fig.

49), in which the muscles of half the face are galvanized in order to represent a man beginning to cry, with the eyebrow on the same side rendered oblique, which is characteristic of misery, the expression was recognized by a greater proportional number of persons. Out of twenty-three persons, fourteen answered correctly, "sorrow," "distress,"

"grief," "just going to cry," "endurance of pain," &c. On the other hand, nine persons either could form no opinion or were entirely wrong, answering, "cunning leer," "jocund," "looking at an intense light,"

"looking at a distant object," &c.]

[Footnote 605: Mrs. Gaskell, 'Mary Barton,' new edit. p. 84.]

[Footnote 606: 'Mimik und Physiognomik,' 1867, s. 102. d.u.c.h.enne, Mecanisme de la Phys. Humaine, Alb.u.m, p. 34.]

[Footnote 607: Dr. d.u.c.h.enne makes this remark, ibid. p. 39.]

[Footnote 608: 'The Origin of Civilization,' 1870, p. 355.]

[Footnote 609: See, for instance, Mr. Marshall's account of an idiot in Philosoph. Transact. 1864, p. 526. With respect to cretins, see Dr.

Piderit, 'Mimik und Physiognomik,' 1867, s. 61.]

[Footnote 610: 'New Zealand and its Inhabitants,' 1855, p. 175.]

[Footnote 611: 'De la Physionomie,' 1865, p. 126.]

[Footnote 612: 'The Anatomy of Expression,' 1844, p. 106. See also his paper in the 'Philosophical Transactions,' 1822, p. 284, ibid. 1823, pp. 166 and 289. Also 'The Nervous System of the Human Body,' 3rd edit.

1836, p. 175.]

[Footnote 613: See Dr. Brinton's account of the act of vomiting, in Todd's Cyclop. of Anatomy and Physiology, 1859, vol. v. Supplement, p.

318.]

[Footnote 614: I am greatly indebted to Mr. Bowman for having introduced me to Prof. Donders, and for his aid in persuading this great physiologist to undertake the investigation of the present subject. I am likewise much indebted to Mr. Bowman for having given me, with the utmost kindness, information on many points.]

[Footnote 615: This memoir first appeared in the 'Nederlandsch Archief voor Genees en Natuurkiinde,' Deel 5, 1870. It has been translated by Dr. W. D. Moore, under the t.i.tle of "On the Action of the Eyelids in determination of Blood from expiratory effort," in 'Archives of Medicine,' edited by Dr. L. S. Beale, 1870, vol. v. p. 20.]

[Footnote 616: Prof. Donders remarks (ibid. p. 28), that, "After injury to the eye, after operations, and in some forms of internal inflammation, we attach great value to the uniform support of the closed eyelids, and we increase this in many instances by the application of a bandage. In both cases we carefully endeavour to avoid great expiratory pressure, the disadvantage of which is well known." Mr. Bowman informs me that in the excessive photophobia, accompanying what is called scrofulous ophthalmia in children, when the light is so very painful that during weeks or months it is constantly excluded by the most forcible closure of the lids, he has often been struck on opening the lids by the paleness of the eye,--not an unnatural paleness, but an absence of the redness that might have been expected when the surface is somewhat inflamed, as is then usually the case; and this paleness he is inclined to attribute to the forcible closure of the eyelids.]

[Footnote 617: Donders, ibid. p. 36.]

[Footnote 618: Mr. Hensleigh Wedgwood (Dict. of English Etymology, 1859, vol. i. p. 410) says, "the verb to weep comes from Anglo-Saxon _wop_, the primary meaning of which is simply outcry."]

[Footnote 619: 'De la Physionomie,' 1865, p. 217.]

[Footnote 620: 'Ceylon,' 3rd edit. 1859, vol. ii. pp. 364, 376. I applied to Mr. Thwaites, in Ceylon, for further information with respect to the weeping of the elephant; and in consequence received a letter from the Rev. Mr Glenie, who, with others, kindly observed for me a herd of recently captured elephants. These, when irritated, screamed violently; but it is remarkable that they never when thus screaming contracted the muscles round the eyes. Nor did they shed tears; and the native hunters a.s.serted that they had never observed elephants weeping.

Nevertheless, it appears to me impossible to doubt Sir E. Tennent's distinct details about their weeping, supported as they are by the positive a.s.sertion of the keeper in the Zoological Gardens. It is certain that the two elephants in the Gardens, when they began to trumpet loudly, invariably contracted their orbicular muscles. I can reconcile these conflicting statements only by supposing that the recently captured elephants in Ceylon, from being enraged or frightened, desired to observe their persecutors, and consequently did not contract their orbicular muscles, so that their vision might not be impeded.

Those seen weeping by Sir E. Tennent were prostrate, and had given up the contest in despair. The elephants which trumpeted in the Zoological Gardens at the word of command, were, of course, neither alarmed nor enraged.]

[Footnote 621: Bergeon, as quoted in the 'Journal of Anatomy and Physiology,' Nov. 1871, p. 235.]

[Footnote 622: See, for instance, a case given by Sir Charles Bell, 'Philosophical Transactions,' 1823, p. 177.]

[Footnote 623: See, on these several points, Prof. Donders 'On the Anomalies of Accommodation and Refraction of the Eye,' 1864, p. 573.]

[Footnote 624: Quoted by Sir J. Lubbock, 'Prehistoric Times,' 1865, p.

458.]

[Footnote 701: The above descriptive remarks are taken in part from my own observations, but chiefly from Gratiolet ('De la Physionomie,' pp.

53, 337; on Sighing, 232), who has well treated this whole subject. See, also, Huschke, 'Mimices et Physiognomices, Fragmentum Physiologi-c.u.m,'

1821, p. 21. On the dulness of the eyes, Dr. Piderit, 'Mimik und Physiognomik,' 1867, s. 65.]

[Footnote 702: On the action of grief on the organs of respiration, see more especially Sir C. Bell, 'Anatomy of Expression,' 3rd edit. 1844, p.

151.]

[Footnote 703: In the foregoing remarks on the manner in which the eyebrows are made oblique, I have followed what seems to be the universal opinion of all the anatomists, whose works I have consulted on the action of the above-named muscles, or with whom I have conversed.

Hence throughout this work I shall take a similar view of the action of the corrugator supercilii, orbicularis, pyramidalis nasi, and frontalis muscles. Dr. d.u.c.h.enne, however, believes, and every conclusion at which he arrives deserves serious consideration, that it is the corrugator, called by him the sourcilier, which raises the inner corner of the eyebrows and is antagonistic to the upper and inner part of the orbicular muscle, as well as to the pyramidalis nasi (see Mecanisme de la Phys. Humaine, 1862, folio, art. v., text and figures 19 to 29: octavo edit. 1862, p. 43 text). He admits, however, that the corrugator draws together the eyebrows, causing vertical furrows above the base of the nose, or a frown. He further believes that towards the outer two-thirds of the eyebrow the corrugator acts in conjunction with the upper orbicular muscle; both here standing in antagonism to the frontal muscle. I am unable to understand, judging from Henle's drawings (woodcut, fig. 3), how the corrugator can act in the manner described by d.u.c.h.enne. See, also, on this subject, Prof. Donders' remarks in the 'Archives of Medicine,' 1870, vol. v. p. 34. Mr. J. Wood, who is so well known for his careful study of the muscles of the human frame, informs me that he believes the account which I have given of the action of the corrugator to be correct. But this is not a point of any importance with respect to the expression which is caused by the obliquity of the eyebrows, nor of much importance to the theory of its origin.]

[Footnote 704: I am greatly indebted to Dr. d.u.c.h.enne for permission to have these two photographs (figs. 1 and 2) reproduced by the heliotype process from his work in folio. Many of the foregoing remarks on the furrowing of the skin, when the eyebrows are rendered oblique, are taken from his excellent discussion on this subject.]

[Footnote 705: Mecanisme de la Phys. Humaine, Alb.u.m, p. 15.]

[Footnote 706: Henle, Handbuch der Anat. des Menschen, 1858, B. i. s.

148, figs. 68 and 69.]

[Footnote 707: See the account of the action of this muscle by Dr.

d.u.c.h.enne, 'Mecanisme de la Physionomie Humaine, Alb.u.m (1862), viii. p.

34.]

[Footnote 801: Herbert Spencer, 'Essays Scientific,' &c., 1858, p. 360.]

[Footnote 802: F. Lieber on the vocal sounds of L. Bridgman, 'Smithsonian Contributions,' 1851, vol. ii. p. 6.]

[Footnote 803: See, also, Mr. Marshall, in Phil. Transact. 1864, p.

526.]

[Footnote 804: Mr. Bain ('The Emotions and the Will,' 1865, p. 247) has a long and interesting discussion on the Ludicrous. The quotation above given about the laughter of the G.o.ds is taken from this work. See, also, Mandeville, 'The Fable of the Bees,' vol. ii. p. 168.]

[Footnote 805: 'The Physiology of Laughter,' Essays, Second Series, 1863, p. 114.]

[Footnote 806: J. Lister in 'Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science,' 1853, vol. 1. p. 266.]

[Footnote 807: 'De la Physionomie,' p. 186.]

[Footnote 808: Sir C. Bell (Anat. of Expression, p. 147) makes some remarks on the movement of the diaphragm during laughter.]

[Footnote 809: 'Mecanisme de la Physionomie Humaine,' Alb.u.m, Legende vi.]