The Diplomatic Correspondence of the American Revolution Volume XI Part 1

The Diplomatic Correspondence of the American Revolution.

Vol. XI.

by Various.

THE

CORRESPONDENCE

OF

C. A. DE LA LUZERNE.

CORRESPONDENCE CONTINUED.

TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

Translation.

Philadelphia, September 10th, 1781.

Sir,

The undersigned, Minister Plenipotentiary of France, has the honor of communicating to Congress the commission of M. Holker, as Consul General of France, in the States of Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, and Delaware. He requests Congress to pa.s.s an act, or four different acts, in order to procure for this Consul the _exequatur_ in each of the States, to which his functions are to extend.

LUZERNE.

TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

Translation.

Philadelphia, September 18th, 1781.

Sir,

The undersigned, Minister Plenipotentiary of France, has the honor of informing Congress, that he has received despatches from his Court, containing important details relative to the communications, which have taken place between the belligerent and mediating powers. He wishes that Congress would be pleased to appoint a committee, to whom he shall communicate them, and with whom he shall confer upon the present state of affairs. He has also received orders from his Court, relative to the advances made on account of the Thirteen States, and concerning their finances; he will have the honor of communicating them to Congress through a committee.

LUZERNE.

COMMUNICATIONS OF THE FRENCH MINISTER TO CONGRESS.

In Congress, September 21st, 1781.

The committee, to whom was referred the Memorial of the Minister Plenipotentiary of France, dated the 18th instant, requesting a conference, report,

That they have this day held a conference with the said Minister Plenipotentiary, and received the following communications contained in sundry despatches from Count de Vergennes, Minister for Foreign Affairs to his Most Christian Majesty, viz.

_From a letter of the 19th of April._--That Count de Vergennes had transmitted to the Minister the details respecting the proposed mediation of the Courts of Vienna and Petersburg. The Minister observed, that this had already been communicated to Congress through a committee. He repeated, for our recollection, that the acceptance on the part of France of the proposed mediation depended entirely, at that time, on the concurrence of the United States; and that with respect to Spain, its conduct would be determined by the dissolution of the negotiation with Mr c.u.mberland. That the Court of Spain had informed the Court of London, on the first proposal of the mediation of the Imperial Courts, that as a direct negotiation with the King of Great Britain was opened through Mr c.u.mberland, a mediation was unnecessary.

That affairs since that time had taken a different turn. Mr c.u.mberland has been recalled; and the Catholic King, being now entirely at liberty, has accepted the mediation of the two Imperial Courts. That the King, our ally, had done the same; but that both Kings had declared at the same time to the two mediators, that the mediation could not possibly have any activity, without previously establishing some fundamental preliminaries. Of this observation the two mediating Courts had already felt the propriety. That France was then (viz. the 19th of April) expecting the effect, which this communication would produce on the Court of London. That the first question proposed by France, related to _the admission of an American Plenipotentiary_; and that the object of the second was to know, _upon what footing the King of England intended to treat with the United States_. The Court of France, not knowing that the United States had agreed to accept the mediation, again invite us to it.

The Minister here observed, that Congress would judge by the questions proposed to the mediating powers, by the King his master, of the principles, by which his Majesty was actuated with respect to the United States. He a.s.sured us, that his Majesty is invariably resolved to abide by those principles, and will enter into no negotiation whatever before he shall receive a satisfactory solution of those two questions. He added, that the French Ministry trusted, that this conduct would more and more convince the United States, and would cause them to imitate the example of the King, and to feel that their honor and their interest call for their constant attachment, their friendship, and unreserved confidence towards him.

The Count de Vergennes observes, that it is plain from these circ.u.mstances, that the negotiation for peace will be full of difficulties, and that it will probably be necessary, in pretensions as well as proceedings, to be very cautious, and to act so as to remove those difficulties, and everything, which might increase the acrimony, to which the English Plenipotentiaries may be naturally inclined.

_From another letter of the same date._--That when this letter was written, the Court had received information of the sentiments of the Court of London with respect to the United States. The Count de Vergennes mentions, that in the act, by which the Court of London accepts the mediation of Russia, and requests the mediation of the Emperor, she declares, that she is ready to make peace, _as soon as the league between France and her revolted subjects shall be dissolved_. That this pretension had met from the Court of France the contempt which it deserved. She on her part has declared, that if this proposition contained the last determination of England, it would be in vain to think of peace; and she has desired the English Ministry to give a positive answer on the two questions above mentioned. That this declaration had been exactly transmitted by the Court of Vienna to that of London; and the result of the answer made by that Court to the Imperial Majesty is, "_that in all points to be agitated in a future Congress, England will behave with great equity and condescension; but the dependence of her rebel subjects in America must be pre-established, and that this matter must be left entirely to the care of Great Britain._" That it is easily to be perceived, that while things remain in this situation there can be no possibility of a mediation or peace.

The Count de Vergennes remarks, that Congress will be finally convinced, that it is only by arms and the most vigorous exertions, that our independence can be extorted from the Court of London, and not at all by negotiation or persuasion. That the Court of France will transmit to the Court of Vienna the sentiments of the King on the British answer. That if these sentiments should be forwarded to the Court of London without any commentary, it is probable they would make but a slight impression; but it may be hoped from the justice of his Imperial Majesty, that they will be so supported by such reflections as to make a greater impression on the British Court; although it is not to be expected, that the Austrian Court will fully enter into the views of his Most Christian Majesty, until the matter shall be more perfectly explained. The Count, nevertheless, urges the necessity of sending forward proper instructions and powers for the mediation.

_From a letter of the 11th of May._--That the affair of the mediation has made no progress; and that it is very probable, that the mediators will not be soon enabled to begin the negotiation. That the admission of an American Plenipotentiary presents the greatest difficulties.

That the Count, however, will take every measure in his power to have this admission decided in favor of the United States, before the regular opening of the mediation. The Count urges the Chevalier de la Luzerne to observe to Congress, that the best manner of removing these obstacles would be a _decisive victory_, gained by the United States in the present campaign.

_From a letter of the 27th of July._--Count de Vergennes observes on an opinion, which prevailed in America, respecting the friendly disposition of the powers of Europe towards the United States, that as yet, not one Court had taken the least step, which manifests their disposition towards the United States. That the Courts of Vienna and Petersburg, having a.s.sumed the character of mediators, cannot be too reserved. For by a different conduct they would become obnoxious to one or other of the belligerent powers, and lose the important and glorious part, with which they are intrusted. That it results from these observations, that the United States ought to look upon themselves as being still separated from all other powers; and that they have but one professed friend, which is France; and that the United States ought to rely princ.i.p.ally upon their own resources.

The Count de Vergennes observes, that he has talked circ.u.mstantially with Mr Adams on these subjects, who appeared to be satisfied with what had been done in favor of his country. That he had communicated to Mr Adams the preliminary overtures made by the two Imperial Courts, as well as the intended answer of his Most Christian Majesty.

That the great or only difficulty concerns America. That France will do all in her power to remove that obstacle, upon which depends the activity of the mediation. That as soon as it shall be removed, or proved to be insurmountable, proper instructions will be forwarded to the Chevalier de la Luzerne, concerning the conduct, which the state of affairs will require from Congress. That the Court of France had received, with great satisfaction, information, that Congress were disposed to trust their interest to the two mediating powers. The Chevalier de la Luzerne is directed to inform Congress, that no use shall be made of this disposition, in the present state of affairs; and that it shall be communicated only when it can be done consistently with the dignity of the United States.

_From a letter of the 19th of April._--That Mr Dana has communicated to Count de Vergennes his appointment, and requested his advice concerning the conduct, which circ.u.mstances demanded on his part. That it gave the Count great pleasure to observe this proof of the confidence, which Congress and their Ministers reposed in the friendship and advice of his Court. That the Count informed Mr Dana, that he would run the risk of exposing his person, and the dignity of the United States, if he a.s.sumed any character whatsoever in Russia, while the Empress had not acknowledged the independence of the United States, and expected to act the part of a mediatrix, which demanded the most perfect impartiality. That Mr Dana felt the propriety of the observation; and proposed to the Count, that he should appear in Russia in the character of a common traveller, keep his commission a secret, and avoid with the greatest care to speak of business, unless requested so to do by the Russian Ministry. That the Count fully approved of this prudent scheme; and apprized Mr Dana of all the difficulties he would meet with. He had him recommended to the Marquis de Verac, Envoy Extraordinary at the Court of Petersburg; and the Chevalier de la Luzerne is directed to a.s.sure Congress, that the Marquis de Verac would do all in his power for Mr Dana's best reception, and with pleasure a.s.sist him with his counsels, as often as he should have recourse to them. That the Marquis de Verac had communicated to the Russian Ministry the resolution of Congress, concerning the principle of the declaration made by the Empress of Russia to the belligerent powers. That this Envoy informs the Count de Vergennes, that the contents of this resolution had afforded great satisfaction to Count Panin, Minister of Foreign Affairs, who intended to submit it without delay to the perusal of the Empress. That the Marquis de Verac did not doubt, but that she would be pleased with the readiness of Congress to adopt that principle; and that correspondent resolutions will have been taken respecting the navigation of the neutrals.

_From a letter of the 29th of June._--That the accession of the State of Maryland to the general confederation, in the opinion of the Court of France, presents very great advantages; among which is this, that Congress having at last acquired that power, which the act of confederation has a.s.signed them, it is to be expected, that their orders will be fully and exactly executed, and that they will take advantage of the resources of their country, to give to American patriotism new energy. The Minister is directed to inform Congress of the satisfaction the King has received on that account, and to tell them at the same time, that there is the most pressing necessity to take more effectual measures than heretofore to drive the British out of this continent. It is thought needless to enter into details about the circ.u.mstances, which render this measure necessary. The King entreats the United States, as his friends, not to lose a moment in acting as vigorously as possible against the common enemy. That Congress cannot be particularly acquainted with the different burdens, which France has upon her hands. She wishes to be in a situation to continue as effectual a.s.sistance to the United States as at this moment; but future events may happen in a manner different from what we may expect, though nothing can change her unalterable resolution to support the independence of her ally. The Count de Vergennes observes, that he shall not speak any more of the non arrival of the second division, having reason to believe from orders given to Count de Gra.s.se, that the delay will be judged of greater utility to the United States, than if the announced reinforcement had been sent in the time expected. He adds, that the Chevalier de la Luzerne had been already informed of the causes, which had prevented a compliance with the expectation, which he had been authorised to give.

_From a letter of the 11th of May._--That the Count de Vergennes had been informed by the Duc de la Vauguyon, Amba.s.sador to the United Provinces, of the intention of Mr Adams to display his character as a Minister of the United States in Holland. That the Duke gave him no a.s.sistance on that occasion, knowing the application would have no favorable issue. The Chevalier de la Luzerne is directed to inform confidentially a committee, or Congress themselves, of these circ.u.mstances, in order, that they may transmit to their said Minister Plenipotentiary such instructions as they may think proper. France is too much interested in the fate of the United States not to give them such counsels as would have for a princ.i.p.al object their advantage and their dignity.

At a second conference, on the 24th of September, the following additional communications were made by the French Minister to the committee.

_From a letter of the 19th of April, 1781._--That Count de Vergennes remarks, that on the application of Chevalier de la Luzerne, and his representation of the distresses of the United States, measures had been taken for our aid when Colonel Laurens arrived. That it being impossible for the King to comply with all Colonel Laurens's demands, he took the resolution to offer his guarantee for ten millions of livres tournois, to be borrowed in Holland, for account of the United States. That the King was sensible of the wants and distresses of Congress, and wished to relieve them; but that it ought to be considered, that the French squadron and troops are in America for our immediate a.s.sistance. That Count de Gra.s.se's expedition to America will occasion great expense; and that all those things collected together, would go far beyond even the expectation of Congress. That the most essential manner of showing the grat.i.tude of the United States would be, by making all the exertions in their power, to co-operate in a glorious and effectual manner with the King's forces for their own speedy deliverance.

The Count de Vergennes observes, that a part of the six millions of livres would be employed in purchasing the different articles, contained in a list delivered by Mr Laurens. That three millions would be given by instalments to Dr Franklin, for the payment of bills of exchange drawn by Congress. That a fourth million would be reserved for unforeseen emergencies, and particularly to pay for the supplies embarked in the ship Lafayette. That Count de Vergennes had been Dr Franklin's security for a part of those supplies, amounting to four hundred and seventeen thousand livres. That he is unacquainted with the measures, which had been taken to effectuate the loan of ten millions in Holland, that affair being in the province of M. Necker, who probably would settle that matter with Mr Laurens, or with Mr Adams, who at that time was still in Holland to fill up a loan of a million florins, which he had opened several months before.

_From a letter of the 11th of May._--That Count de Vergennes informs the Chevalier de la Luzerne, that orders had been given by the King to have the loan of ten millions, on account of the United States, negotiated; that the Duc de la Vauguyon had received orders to propose it to the States of Holland, but met with insuperable difficulties, not only because the United States had no credit in Holland, but also because that Province was afraid of exposing itself; and that indeed granting a loan to the United States would be the same thing as countenancing their independence, which would be contrary to the obligations entered into by the republic with the neutral powers; that in order to remove this difficulty, the King had presented himself as a princ.i.p.al borrower, and as being alone accountable for the sums, which were to be furnished.

The Count adds, that he thinks these proceedings need no commentary; and that a mere exposition of them will be sufficient to excite the grat.i.tude of the United States, and to engage them at last to make all the exertions in their power. The Count flatters himself, that the measures, which have been taken by his Court, will enable Congress to put their finances in the best order. That the Chevalier de la Luzerne had often written to him, that the most certain way to effectuate so happy an event would be, to put Congress for a while out of their distressing situation, and to enable them, by an external relief, to take internal measures without precipitation, and with solidity. That these considerations determined the King; and that from affection he has done more for his ally than mere prudence would, perhaps, have suggested to him. That the Council of the King have no doubt but this resolution will be productive of the good effects, which the Chevalier de la Luzerne had announced. The Count exhorts Congress to take hold of the present circ.u.mstances for the common advantage. He thinks it his duty freely and openly to declare, that the moment is come not to spend the time in expectation, deliberation, and useless exhortations; that though he would wish to avoid every disagreeable intimation, friendship and common interest oblige France to speak without reserve, and with perfect sincerity. That the King has done on this occasion what he can do no more; that Congress, if well informed of the situation of his Majesty's affairs, would be sensible that an exertion like the present cannot be repeated; and that the Court would feel the deepest concern, if it was under the disagreeable but indispensable necessity of refusing the demands of an ally, whose cause is now become its own.

_From a letter of the 14th of May._--That Count de Vergennes observes, that Colonel Laurens had taken leave of the King, and that he ought to be satisfied with the success of his mission, although he had not obtained all that he demanded. That the Court of France hopes these demands will not be renewed; for how disagreeable soever to refuse allies whom the King sincerely loves, necessity would oblige him to reject pecuniary demands of any kind whatsoever.

_From a letter of the 27th of July._--That the Chevalier de la Luzerne observed, that in March last he informed Congress, that the Court no longer pay the bills drawn upon France; upon which declaration he believes Congress stopped all drafts on Dr Franklin. That he informed the Court of that resolution of Congress. The Court in the meantime had resolved to grant a subsidy of six millions, to be employed in purchasing arms, ammunition, and clothing, to be sent from France to the United States; and the remainder of the sum to be employed in paying the drafts of Congress, or of any person they might appoint. Mr Morris being appointed Superintendent, the Minister according to his instructions authorised him to draw for half a million of livres, and informed M. Necker of this measure; accordingly funds were prepared for a regular payment. The Chevalier de la Luzerne had agreed with the Superintendent, that he might draw in the whole for a million and a half, including the half million above mentioned; of all which he had informed Count de Vergennes. Colonel Laurens being in the meanwhile arrived in France, it was found from his representation, that the mode of drawing was prejudicial to Congress, and that if the specie was imported, there would be no loss; and it was agreed, that he should bring over two millions and a half, out of the six millions, in specie. In consequence of this measure, Count de Vergennes acquaints the Chevalier de la Luzerne, that he hopes the Superintendent will not have drawn more than the before mentioned half million of livres. He wishes it the more earnestly, as bills for a greater sum would embarra.s.s the finances of France in a great degree, the goods delivered to Colonel Laurens exceeding already the sum remaining out of the six millions, and the goods taken on board the Marquis de Lafayette being not yet replaced.

For a fuller explanation, the Chevalier de la Luzerne communicated to the Committee an account of the sums already furnished, and to be furnished from this time to the end of the present year for the service of the United States. That he had orders to take hold of this opportunity to repeat to Congress, that the King for the next year cannot continue any supplies to the United States, even of a much less nature. That it is time for them to relieve his Majesty from the heavy burdens in a war, which he had undertaken and carries on for their sakes. That the Count de Vergennes expects that Congress will not have drawn more bills of any kind after the 1st day of April last; that firmly relying on this, he had engaged the King to procure the necessary sums to answer the bills drawn before that period, and desired Dr Franklin to accept no more, if he had no other means of paying them; that this resolution could not be altered by any circ.u.mstances whatever.

The Count de Vergennes proceeds to state, how far the abuse of the King's benevolence had been carried, he supposes against the will and instructions and without the knowledge of Congress. That the bills drawn upon Mr Jay, Mr Adams, and Mr Laurens, had been sent back to Dr Franklin, that is, in effect to the Court of France. That the Republic of Holland had been unwilling to hear of any loan, even under the guarantee of the King, when it was known that the money was intended for the use of the United States; and that to remove this obstacle, as he had before observed, the King was induced to present himself as the princ.i.p.al borrower. The Court was still unacquainted with the effect of that proposition.