The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex Volume II Part 25

[440] 'Personal Narrative,' Eng. translat. vol. iv. p. 518, and elsewhere. Mantegazza, in his 'Viaggi e Studi,' 1867, strongly insists on this same principle.

[441] On the skulls of the American tribes, see Nott and Gliddon, 'Types of Mankind,' 1854, p. 440; Prichard, 'Phys.

Hist. of Mankind,' vol. i. 3rd edit. p. 321; on the natives of Arakhan, ibid. vol. iv. p. 537. Wilson, 'Physical Ethnology,'

Smithsonian Inst.i.tution, 1863, p. 288; on the Fijians, p. 290.

Sir J. Lubbock ('Prehistoric Times,' 2nd edit. 1869, p. 506) gives an excellent resume on this subject.

[442] On the Huns, G.o.dron, 'De l'Espece,' tom. ii. 1859, p.

300. On the Tahitians, Waitz, 'Anthropolog.' Eng. translat.

vol. i. p. 305. Marsden, quoted by Prichard, 'Phys. Hist. of Mankind,' 3rd edit. vol. v. p. 67. Lawrence, 'Lectures on Physiology,' p. 337.

[443] This fact was ascertained in the 'Reise der _Novara_: Anthropolog. Theil,' Dr. Weisbach, 1867, s. 265.

[444] 'Smithsonian Inst.i.tution, 1863, p. 289. On the fashions of Arab women, Sir S. Baker, 'The Nile Tributaries,' 1867, p.

121.

[445] 'The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,' vol. i. p. 214; vol. ii. p. 240.

[446] Schaaffhausen, 'Archiv fur Anthropologie,' 1866, s. 164.

[447] Mr. Bain has collected ('Mental and Moral Science,' 1868, p. 304-314) about a dozen more or less different theories of the idea of beauty; but none are quite the same with that here given.

[448] These quotations are taken from Lawrence ('Lectures on Physiology,' &c. 1822, p. 393), who attributes the beauty of the upper cla.s.ses in England to the men having long selected the more beautiful women.

[449] "Anthropologie," 'Revue des Cours Scientifiques,' Oct.

1868, p. 721.

[450] 'The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,' vol. i. p. 207.

[451] Sir J. Lubbock, 'The Origin of Civilisation,' 1870, chap.

iii. especially p. 60-67. Mr. M'Lennan, in his extremely valuable work on 'Primitive Marriage,' 1865, p. 163, speaks of the union of the s.e.xes "in the earliest times as loose, transitory, and in some degree promiscuous." Mr. M'Lennan and Sir J. Lubbock have collected much evidence on the extreme licentiousness of savages at the present time. Mr. L. H.

Morgan, in his interesting memoir on the cla.s.sificatory system of relationship ('Proc. American Acad. of Sciences,' vol. vii.

Feb. 1868, p. 475) concludes that polygamy and all forms of marriage during primeval times were essentially unknown. It appears, also, from Sir J. Lubbock's work, that Bachofen likewise believes that communal intercourse originally prevailed.

[452] Address to British a.s.sociation 'On the Social and Religious Condition of the Lower Races of Man,' 1870, p. 20.

[453] 'Origin of Civilisation,' 1870, p. 86. In the several works above quoted there will be found copious evidence on relationship through the females alone, or with the tribe alone.

[454] Brehm ('Ill.u.s.t. Thierleben,' B. i. p. 77) says _Cynocephalus hamadryas_ lives in great troops containing twice as many adult females as adult males. See Rengger on American polygamous species, and Owen ('Anat. of Vertebrates,' vol. iii.

p. 746) on American monogamous species. Other references might be added.

[455] Dr. Savage, in 'Boston Journal of Nat. Hist.' vol. v.

1845-47, p. 423.

[456] 'Prehistoric Times,' 1869, p. 424.

[457] Mr. M'Lennan, 'Primitive Marriage,' 1865. See especially on exogamy and infanticide, p. 130, 138, 165.

[458] Dr. Gerland ('Ueber das Aussterben der Naturvolker,'

1868) has collected much information on infanticide, see especially s. 27, 51, 54. Azara ('Voyages,' &c. tom. ii. p. 94, 116) enters in detail on the motives. See also M'Lennan (ibid.

p. 139) for cases in India.

[459] 'Primitive Marriage,' p. 208; Sir J. Lubbock, 'Origin of Civilisation,' p. 100. See also Mr. Morgan, loc. cit., on former prevalence of polyandry.

[460] 'Voyages,' &c. tom. ii. p. 92-95.

[461] Burch.e.l.l says ('Travels in S. Africa, vol. ii. 1824, p.

58), that among the wild nations of Southern Africa, neither men nor women ever pa.s.s their lives in a state of celibacy.

Azara ('Voyages dans l'Amerique Merid.' tom. ii. 1809, p. 21) makes precisely the same remark in regard to the wild Indians of South America.

[462] 'Anthropological Review,' Jan. 1870, p. xvi.

[463] 'The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,' vol. ii. p. 210-217.

[464] An ingenious writer argues, from a comparison of the pictures of Raphael, Rubens, and modern French artists, that the idea of beauty is not absolutely the same even throughout Europe: see the 'Lives of Haydn and Mozart,' by M. Bombet, English translat. p. 278.

[465] Azara, 'Voyages,' &c. tom. ii. p. 23. Dobrizhoffer, 'An Account of the Abipones,' vol. ii. 1822, p. 207. Williams on the Fiji Islanders, as quoted by Lubbock, 'Origin of Civilisation,' 1870, p. 79. On the Fuegians, King and Fitzroy, 'Voyages of the _Adventure_ and _Beagle_,' vol. ii. 1839, p.

182. On the Kalmucks, quoted by M'Lennan, 'Primitive Marriage,'

1865, p. 32. On the Malays, Lubbock, ibid. p. 76. The Rev. J.

Shooter, 'On the Kafirs of Natal,' 1857, p. 52-60. On the Bushwomen, Burch.e.l.l, 'Travels in S. Africa,' vol. ii. 1824, p.

59.

[466] 'Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection,' 1870, p. 346. Mr. Wallace believes (p. 350) "that some intelligent power has guided or determined the development of man;" and he considers the hairless condition of the skin as coming under this head. The Rev. T. R. Stebbing, in commenting on this view ('Transactions of Devonshire a.s.soc. for Science,' 1870) remarks, that had Mr. Wallace "employed his usual ingenuity on the question of man's hairless skin, he might have seen the possibility of its selection through its superior beauty or the health attaching to superior cleanliness. At any rate it is surprising that he should picture to himself a superior intelligence plucking the hair from the backs of savage men (to whom, according to his own account it would have been useful and beneficial), in order that the descendants of the poor shorn wretches might after many deaths from cold and damp in the course of many generations," have been forced to raise themselves in the scale of civilisation through the practice of various arts, in the manner indicated by Mr. Wallace.

[467] 'The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,' vol. ii. 1868, p. 327.

[468] 'Investigations into Military and Anthropological Statistics of American Soldiers,' by B. A. Gould, 1869; p.

568:-Observations were carefully made on the pilosity of 2129 black and coloured soldiers, whilst they were bathing; and by looking to the published table, "it is manifest at a glance that there is but little, if any, difference between the white and the black races in this respect." It is, however, certain that negroes in their native and much hotter land of Africa, have remarkably smooth bodies. It should be particularly observed, that pure blacks and mulattoes were included in the above enumeration; and this is an unfortunate circ.u.mstance, as in accordance with the principle, the truth of which I have elsewhere proved, crossed races would be eminently liable to revert to the primordial hairy character of their early ape-like progenitors.

[469] "Ueber die Richtung der Haare am Menschlichen Korper," in Muller's 'Archiv fur Anat. und Phys.' 1837, s. 40.

[470] Mr. Sproat ('Scenes and Studies of Savage Life,' 1868, p.

25) suggests, with reference to the beardless natives of Vancouver's Island, that the custom of plucking out the hairs on the face, "continued from one generation to another, would perhaps at last produce a race distinguishable by a thin and straggling growth of beard." But the custom would not have arisen until the beard had already become, from some independent cause, greatly reduced. Nor have we any direct evidence that the continued eradication of the hair would lead to any inherited effect. Owing to this cause of doubt, I have not hitherto alluded to the belief held by some distinguished ethnologists, for instance M. Gosse of Geneva, that artificial modifications of the skull tend to be inherited. I have no wish to dispute this conclusion; and we now know from Dr.

Brown-Sequard's remarkable observations, especially those recently communicated (1870) to the British a.s.sociation, that with guinea-pigs the effects of operations are inherited.

[471] 'Ueber die Richtung,' ibid. s. 40.

[472] On the "Limits of Natural Selection," in the 'North American Review,' Oct. 1870, p. 295.

[473] The Rev. J. A. Picton gives a discussion to this effect in his 'New Theories and the Old Faith,' 1870.