The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation Part 117

[448] Rickert Rice Mills _v._ Fontenot, 297 U.S. 110 (1936); and Tennessee Electric Power Co. _v._ Tennessee Valley Authority, 306 U.S.

118 (1939) which held that one threatened with direct and special injury by the act of an agent of the Government under a statute may challenge the const.i.tutionality of the statute in a suit against the agent.

[449] Philadelphia Co. _v._ Stimson, 223 U.S. 605 (1912); Waite _v._ Macy, 246 U.S. 606 (1918).

[450] United States _v._ Lee, 106 U.S. 196 (1882); Goltra _v._ Weeks, 271 U.S. 536 (1926); Ickes _v._ Fox, 300 U.S. 82 (1937); Land _v._ Dollar, 330 U.S. 731 (1947).

[451] 306 U.S. 381 (1939).

[452] Federal Housing Authority _v._ Burr, 309 U.S. 242 (1940).

Nonetheless, the Court held that a Congressional waiver of immunity in the case of a government corporation did not mean that funds or property of the United States can be levied on to pay a judgment obtained against such a corporation as the result of waiver of immunity.

[453] United States _v._ United States Fidelity Co., 309 U.S. 506 (1940).

[454] Charles Warren, The Supreme Court and Disputes Between States, Bulletin of the College of William and Mary, Vol. 34, No. 5, pp. 7-11 (1940). For a more comprehensive treatment of backgrounds as well as the general subject, _see_ Charles Warren, The Supreme Court and Sovereign States, (Princeton, 1924).

[455] Warren, The Supreme Court and Disputes Between States, p. 13.

However, only three such suits were brought in this period, 1789-1849.

During the next 90 years, 1849-1939, at least twenty-nine such suits were brought. Ibid. 13, 14.

[456] 2 Dall. 419 (1793).

[457] Rhode Island _v._ Ma.s.sachusetts, 12 Pet. 657, 721 (1838).

[458] Ibid. 736-737.

[459] Ibid. 737. Chief Justice Taney dissented because of his belief that the issue was not one of property in the soil, but of sovereignty and jurisdiction, and hence political. Ibid. 752-753. For different reasons, it should be noted, a suit between private parties respecting soil or jurisdiction of two States, to which neither State is a party does not come within the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.

Fowler _v._ Lindsay, 3 Dall. 411 (1799).

[460] 180 U.S. 208 (1901).

[461] Kansas _v._ Colorado, 206 U.S. 46 (1907).

[462] 283 U.S. 336 (1931).

[463] Ibid. 342. _See also_ Nebraska _v._ Wyoming, 325 U.S. 589 (1945), for the restatement of the familiar principle that the power of apportionment among several States of waters of an interstate river where the demands of the users exceeds the supply is a matter of sufficient importance and dignity as to be justiciable in the Supreme Court.

[464] South Dakota _v._ North Carolina, 192 U.S. 286 (1904).

[465] Virginia _v._ West Virginia, 220 U.S. 1 (1911). This case is also significant for Justice Holmes' statement that, "The case is to be considered in the untechnical spirit proper for dealing with a quasi-international controversy, remembering that there is no munic.i.p.al code governing the matter, and that this Court may be called on to adjust differences that cannot be dealt with by Congress or disposed of by the legislature of either State alone." Ibid. 27.

[466] Kentucky _v._ Indiana, 281 U.S. 163 (1930).

[467] Texas _v._ Florida et al., 306 U.S. 398 (1939).

[468] Pennsylvania and Ohio _v._ West Virginia, 262 U.S. 553 (1923).

[469] 12 Pet. 657 (1838).

[470] 6 Wheat. 264, 378 (1821).

[471] 291 U.S. 286 (1934).

[472] Ma.s.sachusetts _v._ Missouri, 308 U.S. 1, 15-16 (1939), citing Florida _v._ Mellon, 273 U.S. 12 (1927).

[473] 306 U.S. 398 (1939).

[474] 308 U.S. 1, 17, citing Oklahoma _v._ Atchison, T. & S.F.R. Co., 220 U.S. 277, 286 (1911), and Oklahoma _v._ Cook, 304 U.S. 387, 394 (1938). _See also_ New Hampshire _v._ Louisiana, 108 U.S. 76 (1883), which held that a State cannot bring a suit on behalf of its citizens to collect on bonds issued by another State, and Louisiana _v._ Texas, 176 U.S. 1 (1900), which held that a State cannot sue another to prevent maladministration of quarantine laws.

[475] 308 U.S. 1, 17.

[476] Ibid. 19.

[477] The various litigations of Virginia _v._ West Virginia are to be found in 206 U.S. 290 (1907); 209 U.S. 514 (1908); 220 U.S. 1 (1911); 222 U.S. 17 (1911); 231 U.S. 89 (1913); 234 U.S. 117 (1914); 238 U.S.

202 (1915); 241 U.S. 531 (1916); 246 U.S. 565 (1918).

[478] 246 U.S. 565, 591.

[479] Ibid. 600.

[480] Ibid. 601.

[481] Warren, The Supreme Court and Sovereign States, 79.

[482] 2 Dall. 419 (1793).

[483] Ma.s.sachusetts _v._ Mellon, 262 U.S. 447 (1923); Florida _v._ Mellon, 273 U.S. 12 (1927); New Jersey _v._ Sargent, 269 U.S. 328 (1926).

[484] Pennsylvania _v._ Quicksilver Min. Co., 10 Wall. 553 (1871); California _v._ Southern Pacific Co., 157 U.S. 229 (1895); Minnesota _v._ Northern Securities Co., 184 U.S. 199 (1902).

[485] Wisconsin _v._ Pelican Ins. Co., 127 U.S. 265 (1888).

[486] 4 Wall. 475 (1867).

[487] 6 Wall. 50 (1868).

[488] 262 U.S. 447 (1923).

[489] 273 U.S. 12 (1927).

[490] Oklahoma _v._. Atchison, T. & S.F.R. Co., 220 U.S. 277 (1911); Oklahoma _v._ Cook, 304 U.S. 387 (1938).

[491] 6 Wheat. 264, 398-399 (1821).

[492] Pennsylvania _v._ Quicksilver Min. Co., 10 Wall. 553 (1871).

[493] California _v._ Southern Pacific Co., 157 U.S. 229 (1895); Minnesota _v._ Northern Securities Co., 184 U.S. 199 (1902).

[494] 6 Wheat. 264, 398-399.