Spycraft. Part 25

34 Amtorg offices had long provided cover for Soviet intelligence officers. See: William R. Corson and Robert T. Crowley, Amtorg offices had long provided cover for Soviet intelligence officers. See: William R. Corson and Robert T. Crowley, The New KGB: The Engine of Soviet Power The New KGB: The Engine of Soviet Power (New York: Quill, 1986), 296, and Andrew and Mitrokhin, (New York: Quill, 1986), 296, and Andrew and Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield, The Sword and the Shield, 186-187. When Robert Hanssen sought to sell secrets to the GRU in 1979-80 he did so through the NYC office of Amtorg. See David Wise, 186-187. When Robert Hanssen sought to sell secrets to the GRU in 1979-80 he did so through the NYC office of Amtorg. See David Wise, Spy: The Inside Story of How the FBI's Robert Hanssen Betrayed America Spy: The Inside Story of How the FBI's Robert Hanssen Betrayed America (New York: Random House, 2002), 21. (New York: Random House, 2002), 21.

35 A "front" company is or appears to be a legitimate firm whose visible image has no a.s.sociation with an intelligence service. However, the company supports or serves some clandestine activities. Front companies are commonly used by every intelligence organization. A "front" company is or appears to be a legitimate firm whose visible image has no a.s.sociation with an intelligence service. However, the company supports or serves some clandestine activities. Front companies are commonly used by every intelligence organization.

CHAPTER THIRTEEN.

1 See: See: www.militaryradio.com/spyradio/tsd.html for a picture of the early transmitters, named SRT for "surveillance radio transmitter." for a picture of the early transmitters, named SRT for "surveillance radio transmitter."

2 "Sweeping" an environment with detectors for indicators of electronic, RF, and magnetic signatures of microphones, recorders, and transmitters is done by specialists known as TSCM (technical systems countermeasures teams). By later adding a remote on/off switch operated at the listening post, the transmitter could be turned off when a TSCM team was about to search the room. Once the transmitter quit sending the signal, detection was much more difficult. Later, remote on/off would also be used as a means of putting the transmitter in "sleep mode" to save battery power. The longer the batteries operated the less frequently entries into the target would be necessary to replace them. "Sweeping" an environment with detectors for indicators of electronic, RF, and magnetic signatures of microphones, recorders, and transmitters is done by specialists known as TSCM (technical systems countermeasures teams). By later adding a remote on/off switch operated at the listening post, the transmitter could be turned off when a TSCM team was about to search the room. Once the transmitter quit sending the signal, detection was much more difficult. Later, remote on/off would also be used as a means of putting the transmitter in "sleep mode" to save battery power. The longer the batteries operated the less frequently entries into the target would be necessary to replace them.

3 See: Melton, See: Melton, CIA Special Weapons and Equipment CIA Special Weapons and Equipment, 67.

4 Helms, Helms, A Look Over My Shoulder, A Look Over My Shoulder, 128. 128.

5 For details and photos of "bugs" in the SRT series see Pete McCollum's clandestine communications website: For details and photos of "bugs" in the SRT series see Pete McCollum's clandestine communications website: www.militaryradio.com/spyradio/tsd.html 6 Critical characteristics for radio frequency audio transmitters intended for covert use include (1) reliability, primarily a function of the device's design, components, and power supply; (2) concealability, primarily a function of device size and configuration; and (3) detectability, primarily a function of the intended or unintended signals generated and the materials from which the device is constructed. The same three characteristics are critical for every other component of an audio surveillance system such as the microphones, wires, connectors, batteries, and recording devices. Finally, reliability, concealability, and detectability are standards by which the operational utility of the fully integrated and operating system is judged. Critical characteristics for radio frequency audio transmitters intended for covert use include (1) reliability, primarily a function of the device's design, components, and power supply; (2) concealability, primarily a function of device size and configuration; and (3) detectability, primarily a function of the intended or unintended signals generated and the materials from which the device is constructed. The same three characteristics are critical for every other component of an audio surveillance system such as the microphones, wires, connectors, batteries, and recording devices. Finally, reliability, concealability, and detectability are standards by which the operational utility of the fully integrated and operating system is judged.

7 Mallory since evolved into the well-known Duracell Company. Mallory since evolved into the well-known Duracell Company.

8 In addition to powering surveillance devices, batteries were vital to other OTS espionage equipment for covert communications, tracking beacons and signaling devices. Any gadget with electronics required a power source and, in most instances, that meant some type of battery. In addition to powering surveillance devices, batteries were vital to other OTS espionage equipment for covert communications, tracking beacons and signaling devices. Any gadget with electronics required a power source and, in most instances, that meant some type of battery.

CHAPTER FOURTEEN.

1 Philip Agee, Philip Agee, CIA Diary: Inside the Company CIA Diary: Inside the Company (New York: Stonehill, 1975), cover and end flap. The case held a tracking beacon, not an audio device. (New York: Stonehill, 1975), cover and end flap. The case held a tracking beacon, not an audio device.

2 The continuing miniaturization of circuits followed "Moore's Law," an observation made in 1965 by Gordon Moore, cofounder of Intel. The "law" observed that the number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits had doubled every year since the integrated circuit was invented, and Moore predicted that this trend would continue for the foreseeable future. The continuing miniaturization of circuits followed "Moore's Law," an observation made in 1965 by Gordon Moore, cofounder of Intel. The "law" observed that the number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits had doubled every year since the integrated circuit was invented, and Moore predicted that this trend would continue for the foreseeable future.

3 Richelson, Richelson, The Wizards of Langley The Wizards of Langley, presents an organizational history of ORD.

4 Richelson, Richelson, The Wizards of Langley, The Wizards of Langley, 147. 147.

5 See: See: www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/ciacats2.html for a redacted TSD memorandum about the Acoustic kitty project. for a redacted TSD memorandum about the Acoustic kitty project.

6 Both OTS and ORD experimented with other unconventional ideas using animals for intelligence collection. Ravens were tested as winged couriers to deposit audio devices on windowsills, though ambient noise made this idea impractical. Both OTS and ORD experimented with other unconventional ideas using animals for intelligence collection. Ravens were tested as winged couriers to deposit audio devices on windowsills, though ambient noise made this idea impractical.

7 Melton, Melton, CIA Special Weapons and Equipment CIA Special Weapons and Equipment, 62.

8 For another description of the For another description of the Backscatter Gauge Backscatter Gauge in use see: F. W. Rustmann, Jr., in use see: F. W. Rustmann, Jr., CIA, INC.: Espionage and the Craft of Business Intelligence CIA, INC.: Espionage and the Craft of Business Intelligence (Washington, D.C.: Bra.s.sey's, 2002) 62. (Washington, D.C.: Bra.s.sey's, 2002) 62.

9 Antonio J. Mendez in Antonio J. Mendez in The Master of Disguise: My Secret Life in the CIA The Master of Disguise: My Secret Life in the CIA (New York: Morrow, 1999), provides an account of his career as an OTS operational disguise specialist. (New York: Morrow, 1999), provides an account of his career as an OTS operational disguise specialist.

10 George Gardner, George Gardner, Picks, Clicks, Flaps and Seals: A Monograph on Surrept.i.tious Entry Picks, Clicks, Flaps and Seals: A Monograph on Surrept.i.tious Entry (unpublished monograph), 1944, 5. This rare manual was the primary "surrept.i.tious entry" manual used by the OSS and later by TSD. "George Gardner" is most likely the nom de plume for Willis George, the senior OSS "entry expert" and postwar author of (unpublished monograph), 1944, 5. This rare manual was the primary "surrept.i.tious entry" manual used by the OSS and later by TSD. "George Gardner" is most likely the nom de plume for Willis George, the senior OSS "entry expert" and postwar author of Surrept.i.tious Entry: The Sensational Story of a Government Agent Who Picked Locks and Cracked Safes in the Service of His Country Surrept.i.tious Entry: The Sensational Story of a Government Agent Who Picked Locks and Cracked Safes in the Service of His Country (New York: Appleton-Century, 1946). (New York: Appleton-Century, 1946).

11 Ibid., 5. Ibid., 5.

12 The lock-picking course included a "final" exam requiring the student to pick open sixty different locks in sixty minutes. "It was a tough course," one tech noted, "I pa.s.sed only because the generous instructor included several simple suitcase and luggage locks." The lock-picking course included a "final" exam requiring the student to pick open sixty different locks in sixty minutes. "It was a tough course," one tech noted, "I pa.s.sed only because the generous instructor included several simple suitcase and luggage locks."

13 Because a tech might not have an idea of the types of locks he would encounter inside a target, he would be forced to bring with him as many types of tools as possible, sometimes carried in a small black bag. The FBI historically referred to these as "black bag operations." Because a tech might not have an idea of the types of locks he would encounter inside a target, he would be forced to bring with him as many types of tools as possible, sometimes carried in a small black bag. The FBI historically referred to these as "black bag operations."

14 Images and an operational description of the kit appear in: Melton, Images and an operational description of the kit appear in: Melton, CIA Special Weapons and Equipment CIA Special Weapons and Equipment, 75.

15 After a "woods metal" (commercially sold as Cerebun) copy of the key had been made, it was placed in a key-cutting machine to copy the "key cuts" onto a stronger key blank. This key was then available to be used operationally. For images and a description of the kit see: Melton After a "woods metal" (commercially sold as Cerebun) copy of the key had been made, it was placed in a key-cutting machine to copy the "key cuts" onto a stronger key blank. This key was then available to be used operationally. For images and a description of the kit see: Melton, CIA Special Weapons and Equipment, 76.

16 For images and descriptions of TSD lock picking kits, see: Melton, For images and descriptions of TSD lock picking kits, see: Melton, CIA Special Weapons & Equipment CIA Special Weapons & Equipment, 73, and Melton, Ultimate Spy Ultimate Spy, 114-115.

17 Details of HTLINGUAL are presented in the U.S. Senate, Details of HTLINGUAL are presented in the U.S. Senate, Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, Final Report, Book III. Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, Final Report, Book III. 1976. 1976.

18 For a detailed description of the TSD "Flaps and Seals" course, see: Mendez, For a detailed description of the TSD "Flaps and Seals" course, see: Mendez, The Master of Disguise The Master of Disguise, 72-76.

19 Gardner, Gardner, Picks, Clicks, Flaps and Seals, Picks, Clicks, Flaps and Seals, 93. The "dry" process involved separating the two sides of the glued flap with an ivory tool, and required more training and practice. The "steaming," which softened the glue with steam to allow it to be opened, was easier, but more hazardous. There was always the possibility that the steam would affect the script, and if the envelope was tinted, the dye could run or change color. 93. The "dry" process involved separating the two sides of the glued flap with an ivory tool, and required more training and practice. The "steaming," which softened the glue with steam to allow it to be opened, was easier, but more hazardous. There was always the possibility that the steam would affect the script, and if the envelope was tinted, the dye could run or change color.

20 Ibid. Ibid.

21 See: U.S. Senate, See: U.S. Senate, Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, Final Report, Book III. Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, Final Report, Book III.

22 Ibid. Ibid.

23 This decision, the amount of time techs would be in the target facility, went to the heart of operational planning, affecting the activities of both the tech and the case officers. Sometimes this was moot due to the target. A vacant building may offer unrestricted time. An occupied office building usually dictated a "quick plant" job. In other examples, a three-hour installation in an apartment could be accomplished by a ruse that temporarily drew the occupants out for the evening. However, that would also likely mean the audio would be a single bug with no redundancy and left no margin for installation complications or errors. A multiday installation actually could become more complicated, requiring separate operations to a.s.sure vacancy of premises, sustained countersurveillance, and logistical supplies for the audio team. Advantages included a less pressured schedule, opportunity to emplace multiple bugs, time to test system performance, and margin to correct errors. This decision, the amount of time techs would be in the target facility, went to the heart of operational planning, affecting the activities of both the tech and the case officers. Sometimes this was moot due to the target. A vacant building may offer unrestricted time. An occupied office building usually dictated a "quick plant" job. In other examples, a three-hour installation in an apartment could be accomplished by a ruse that temporarily drew the occupants out for the evening. However, that would also likely mean the audio would be a single bug with no redundancy and left no margin for installation complications or errors. A multiday installation actually could become more complicated, requiring separate operations to a.s.sure vacancy of premises, sustained countersurveillance, and logistical supplies for the audio team. Advantages included a less pressured schedule, opportunity to emplace multiple bugs, time to test system performance, and margin to correct errors.

24 Using more than one microphone and recording each "channel" separately allowed the signals to be individually filtered and amplified to achieve a result comparable to turning one's head to hear a sound or conversation coming from a different part of a noisy room. "Audio steering" was accomplished by increasing or decreasing the amplification of the differing sound channels to focus on specific conversations. Using more than one microphone and recording each "channel" separately allowed the signals to be individually filtered and amplified to achieve a result comparable to turning one's head to hear a sound or conversation coming from a different part of a noisy room. "Audio steering" was accomplished by increasing or decreasing the amplification of the differing sound channels to focus on specific conversations.

25 The efficiency of a device, component, or system in electronics and electrical engineering is defined as useful power output divided by the total electrical power consumed (a fractional expression). The efficiency of a device, component, or system in electronics and electrical engineering is defined as useful power output divided by the total electrical power consumed (a fractional expression).

26 The 1980 Moscow Olympics that were boycotted by the United States ended the operation. Late in the spring of 1980, the Soviet government ordered a general clean up of Moscow prior to the Olympics. The shacks were declared public eyesores and razed. The wood block and transmitter along with the table were buried in an unknown dumpsite. The 1980 Moscow Olympics that were boycotted by the United States ended the operation. Late in the spring of 1980, the Soviet government ordered a general clean up of Moscow prior to the Olympics. The shacks were declared public eyesores and razed. The wood block and transmitter along with the table were buried in an unknown dumpsite.

27 Oleg Kalugin, Oleg Kalugin, The First Directorate: My 32 Years in Intelligence and Espionage The First Directorate: My 32 Years in Intelligence and Espionage (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994), 261. (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994), 261.

28 Victor Cherkashin, Victor Cherkashin, Spy Handler: Memoir of a KGB Officer Spy Handler: Memoir of a KGB Officer (New York: Basic Books, 2005), 194. (New York: Basic Books, 2005), 194.

29 Based on interview with former KGB communications security officer living in the West. Based on interview with former KGB communications security officer living in the West.

30 Ibid. Ibid.

31 By the 1990s, cla.s.sical audio operations had become engulfed in a tidal wave of digital information technology. By the 1990s, cla.s.sical audio operations had become engulfed in a tidal wave of digital information technology.

CHAPTER FIFTEEN.

1 Dulles, Dulles, The Craft of Intelligence, The Craft of Intelligence, 68. 68.

2 Fischer, Fischer, The Journal of Intelligence History, The Journal of Intelligence History, 2, Summer 2000, 16. 2, Summer 2000, 16.

3 Amy Knight, Amy Knight, Beria: Stalin's First Lieutenant Beria: Stalin's First Lieutenant (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1993), 138. (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1993), 138.

4 Ibid.,136, and verified by author interview with former KGB officer. Ibid.,136, and verified by author interview with former KGB officer.

5 Knight, Knight, Beria, Beria, 106. 106.

6 Simon Sebag Montefiore, Simon Sebag Montefiore, Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar (New York. Alfred A. Knopf, 2003), 503. (New York. Alfred A. Knopf, 2003), 503.

7 Knight, Knight, Beria, Beria, 136. 136.

8 Interview with former Soviet security officer. Interview with former Soviet security officer.

9 John Markoff, James Early obituary, John Markoff, James Early obituary, The New York Times The New York Times, January 19, 2004.

10 ARPA: The Advanced Research Projects Agency was founded in February of 1958 as a research branch of the Department of Defense. The name was changed to Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in 1972. In 1993 the name was changed back to ARPA and then back to DARPA in 1996. The agency is credited with development of the Internet. ARPA: The Advanced Research Projects Agency was founded in February of 1958 as a research branch of the Department of Defense. The name was changed to Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in 1972. In 1993 the name was changed back to ARPA and then back to DARPA in 1996. The agency is credited with development of the Internet.

CHAPTER SIXTEEN.

1 Nathan Miller, Nathan Miller, Spying for America: The Hidden History of U.S. Intelligence Spying for America: The Hidden History of U.S. Intelligence (New York: Paragon House, 1989), 179. (New York: Paragon House, 1989), 179.

2 Nathan Nielsen, "Our Men in Havana," Nathan Nielsen, "Our Men in Havana," Studies in Intelligence, Studies in Intelligence, Vol 23:1, Central Intelligence Agency, 1988, 1. Vol 23:1, Central Intelligence Agency, 1988, 1.

3 "Pocket litter" includes all secondary and incidental items that individuals normally carry in wallets and purses. Some pieces of pocket litter, such as library cards, credit cards, and blood donation cards, while not const.i.tuting official identification papers, are expected to be consistent with pa.s.sports, driver's licenses or other government-issued identification doc.u.ments. Pocket litter of a tourist/businessman might include business cards, club membership cards, laundry receipts and movie ticket stubs. This type of pocket litter created by TSD carried the alias name of the user consistent with the alias official identification doc.u.ments. "Pocket litter" includes all secondary and incidental items that individuals normally carry in wallets and purses. Some pieces of pocket litter, such as library cards, credit cards, and blood donation cards, while not const.i.tuting official identification papers, are expected to be consistent with pa.s.sports, driver's licenses or other government-issued identification doc.u.ments. Pocket litter of a tourist/businessman might include business cards, club membership cards, laundry receipts and movie ticket stubs. This type of pocket litter created by TSD carried the alias name of the user consistent with the alias official identification doc.u.ments.

4 Nielsen, "Our Men in Havana," 3. Nielsen, "Our Men in Havana," 3.

5 Hugh Thomas, Hugh Thomas, Cuba or the Pursuit of Freedom Cuba or the Pursuit of Freedom (New York: Da Capo Press, 1988), 1,219. (New York: Da Capo Press, 1988), 1,219.

6 Ibid. Ibid.

7 Ibid., 1,257. Ibid., 1,257.

8 Nielsen, "Our Men in Havana," 3. Nielsen, "Our Men in Havana," 3.

9 Grose, Grose, Gentleman Spy, Gentleman Spy, 495-496. 495-496.

10 Walter E. Szuminski, Walter E. Szuminski, Our Man in Havana: TDY h.e.l.l Our Man in Havana: TDY h.e.l.l (unpublished monograph), 5. See also National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Web site: (unpublished monograph), 5. See also National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Web site: www.noaa.gov/.

11 Ibid., 3. Ibid., 3.

12 Walter E. Szuminski with Edward Mickolus, Walter E. Szuminski with Edward Mickolus, Temporary Duty h.e.l.l: Our Man in Cuba's Jails Temporary Duty h.e.l.l: Our Man in Cuba's Jails (an unpublished monograph, 2001), 17. (an unpublished monograph, 2001), 17.

13 Sound tradecraft required the team to exit the elevator at a different floor than the apartment they would enter to mislead anyone attempting to surveil their movements by watching elevator stops. In addition, all members of the team would have been alert for surveillance during their travel to and from the apartment building. Sound tradecraft required the team to exit the elevator at a different floor than the apartment they would enter to mislead anyone attempting to surveil their movements by watching elevator stops. In addition, all members of the team would have been alert for surveillance during their travel to and from the apartment building.

14 The SRT-3 was the CIA's first all-transistor transmitter receiver. For information on the ST-2A, the predecessor of the SRT-3, see Peter McCollum's web page: The SRT-3 was the CIA's first all-transistor transmitter receiver. For information on the ST-2A, the predecessor of the SRT-3, see Peter McCollum's web page: www.militaryradio.com/spyradio/tsd.html 15 "Clear" signals were not protected by masking or encryption. If intercepted, the signal could be monitored, understood, and traced. "Clear" signals were not protected by masking or encryption. If intercepted, the signal could be monitored, understood, and traced.

16 "Sweep teams" in the 1960s located "bugs" using special radio receivers to identify the clandestine transmissions. By remotely switching the transmitter off at the first indication that the room might be "swept," the post keeper eliminated the signal that would have betrayed the hidden eavesdropping device. "Sweep teams" in the 1960s located "bugs" using special radio receivers to identify the clandestine transmissions. By remotely switching the transmitter off at the first indication that the room might be "swept," the post keeper eliminated the signal that would have betrayed the hidden eavesdropping device.

17 Szuminski, Szuminski, Our Man in Havana, Our Man in Havana, 9. 9.

18 Thomas, Thomas, Cuba or the Pursuit of Freedom, Cuba or the Pursuit of Freedom, 1,295. 1,295.

19 Nielsen, "Our Men in Havana," 2. Nielsen, "Our Men in Havana," 2.

20 Prior to creation of the CIA in 1947, the FBI had responsibility for U.S. intelligence operations in Caribbean and Central and South America countries. Prior to creation of the CIA in 1947, the FBI had responsibility for U.S. intelligence operations in Caribbean and Central and South America countries.

21 Thomas, Thomas, Cuba or the Pursuit of Freedom, Cuba or the Pursuit of Freedom, 1,460. 1,460.

22 Ibid., 1,297. Ibid., 1,297.

23 Ibid. Ibid.

24 Ibid., 847. Ibid., 847.

25 Cambridge World Gazetteer: A Geographical Dictionary Cambridge World Gazetteer: A Geographical Dictionary (New York: Cambridge University Press), 157. (New York: Cambridge University Press), 157.

26 The New York Times The New York Times, September 2, 1925.

27 Mary Bosworth (editor), Mary Bosworth (editor), Encyclopedia of Prisons and Correctional Facilities, Encyclopedia of Prisons and Correctional Facilities, Volume 2 (Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, 2005), 663-665. Volume 2 (Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, 2005), 663-665.

28 Ill.u.s.trated London News Ill.u.s.trated London News, February 13, 1932.

29 Szuminski, Szuminski, Our Man in Havana: TDY in h.e.l.l Our Man in Havana: TDY in h.e.l.l, 36-38.

30 Grose, Grose, Gentleman Spy, Gentleman Spy, 519. 519.

31 Ibid. Ibid.

32 Polmar and Allen, Polmar and Allen, Spy Book, Spy Book, 163-164. 163-164.

33 A mixture of gasoline or alcohol and soap that is poured into a bottle, tightly corked, with a cloth fuse wrapped around the outside. The cloth was ignited and the bottle thrown. Upon impact with the target, the bottle breaks and the gasoline ignites. A mixture of gasoline or alcohol and soap that is poured into a bottle, tightly corked, with a cloth fuse wrapped around the outside. The cloth was ignited and the bottle thrown. Upon impact with the target, the bottle breaks and the gasoline ignites.

34 Polmar and Allen, Polmar and Allen, Spy Book, Spy Book, 166. 166.

35 Ibid., 167. Ibid., 167.

36 Craig R. Whitley, Craig R. Whitley, Spy Trade: The Darkest Secrets of the Cold War Spy Trade: The Darkest Secrets of the Cold War (New York: Times Books, 1994), 54-55; Brown, (New York: Times Books, 1994), 54-55; Brown, Wild Bill Donovan, Wild Bill Donovan, 579. 579.

37 Whitley, Whitley, Spy Trade, Spy Trade, 432. Also see: James B. Donovan, 432. Also see: James B. Donovan, Strangers on a Bridge: The Case of Colonel Abel Strangers on a Bridge: The Case of Colonel Abel (New York: Atheneum, 1964). (New York: Atheneum, 1964).

38 Szuminski with Mickolus, Szuminski with Mickolus, Temporary Duty in h.e.l.l: Our Man in Cuba's Jails Temporary Duty in h.e.l.l: Our Man in Cuba's Jails, 86-87.

39 Christ's recommendation enumerated hardships endured including months of no sunlight, a year without any correspondence from family, constant communist propaganda as well as living in filthy, disease-ridden conditions. Christ described the two officers' emotional stability, focus on positive opportunities such as studying Spanish, teaching English, lecturing on capitalism and democracy, maintaining personal standards of cleanliness and decency and a.s.sisting fellow prisoners who were sick or mentally vulnerable. As a result both left Cuba "35-40 pounds lighter but without mental or emotional aberrations." Christ's recommendation enumerated hardships endured including months of no sunlight, a year without any correspondence from family, constant communist propaganda as well as living in filthy, disease-ridden conditions. Christ described the two officers' emotional stability, focus on positive opportunities such as studying Spanish, teaching English, lecturing on capitalism and democracy, maintaining personal standards of cleanliness and decency and a.s.sisting fellow prisoners who were sick or mentally vulnerable. As a result both left Cuba "35-40 pounds lighter but without mental or emotional aberrations."

40 The DIC recognizes Agency employees who, like the three techs, performed "a voluntary act or acts of exceptional heroism involving the acceptance of existing dangers with conspicuous fort.i.tude and exemplary courage." The CIA has recognized twenty-six employees with the Distinguished Intelligence Cross award as of August 2005. The DIC recognizes Agency employees who, like the three techs, performed "a voluntary act or acts of exceptional heroism involving the acceptance of existing dangers with conspicuous fort.i.tude and exemplary courage." The CIA has recognized twenty-six employees with the Distinguished Intelligence Cross award as of August 2005.

41 Peter Weyden, Peter Weyden, Bay of Pigs: The Untold Story Bay of Pigs: The Untold Story (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979), 35. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979), 35.

42 Benson, a paratrooper in World War II, jumped with Marshal t.i.to partisans behind German lines into Yugoslavia and is credited with a.s.sisting in the evacuation of more than 200 downed allied airmen, political escapees, and partisans. He was awarded the Bronze Star for World War II service and then served with the CIA in China and Greece. On April 5, 1962, he received, posthumously, the CIA Intelligence Star for "a voluntary act of courage performed under hazardous conditions." Benson, a paratrooper in World War II, jumped with Marshal t.i.to partisans behind German lines into Yugoslavia and is credited with a.s.sisting in the evacuation of more than 200 downed allied airmen, political escapees, and partisans. He was awarded the Bronze Star for World War II service and then served with the CIA in China and Greece. On April 5, 1962, he received, posthumously, the CIA Intelligence Star for "a voluntary act of courage performed under hazardous conditions."

43 Saxitoxin is a thousand times more deadly than a typical synthetic nerve gas such as sarin; a dose of 0.2 milligrams would be lethal for the average male. For more information on saxitoxin, see the article by Neil Edwards, School of Chemistry, Physics, and Environmental Science at the University of Suss.e.x at Brighton: Saxitoxin is a thousand times more deadly than a typical synthetic nerve gas such as sarin; a dose of 0.2 milligrams would be lethal for the average male. For more information on saxitoxin, see the article by Neil Edwards, School of Chemistry, Physics, and Environmental Science at the University of Suss.e.x at Brighton: www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/stx/saxi.htm. The CIA's remaining inventory of saxitoxin was provided to the National Inst.i.tute of Health (NIH) in 1975 on the premise that it could be "extremely valuable for medical research on diseases of the nervous system and for our understanding of how the nervous system normally works." See: Ritchie J. Murdoch, Ph.D., D.Sc., Yale Medicine, Fall 1975, and also at: www.med.yale.edu/external/pubs/ym_fw0001/archives.htm. A television doc.u.mentary, The History Detectives The History Detectives, aired on June 27, 2005, stated that the needles were produced by Fort Detrick machinist Milton Frank.

44 Martin, Martin, Wilderness of Mirrors, Wilderness of Mirrors, 120. 120.

45 Ibid., 121. Ibid., 121.

46 Ibid. Ibid.

47 Ibid. Ibid.