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Selections from Viri Romae Part 23

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61.9: Distinguish between _gratias agere_ and _gratiam referre_.

61.10: Notice that _suadeo_ = merely 'to advise'; 'to persuade' is _persuadeo_.

61.11: 'was not arranged.'

62.1: = _qui prolatus erat_; cf. p. xxiv, L 1.

62.2: abl. of means (though rendered 'in which') both with #continebantur# and #refelli poterat#.

62.3: #indignatus . . . dubitari#: 'angry because doubts were raised.' For the infin. see p. 19, n. 6.

62.4: See p. 16, n. 9. #verba fecit#: 'he delivered a speech.'

62.5: #Non . . . quaeratis#: 'there is no reason why you should ask'; lit., 'there is not (anything) as to which,' etc. H 591, 4 (503, 1, N. 2): M 836: A 320, _a_: G 631, 2: B 283, 2.

62.6: _nostrum_, like _vestrum_, is regularly used only as a part.i.tive gen.

62.7: A crown of laurel, worn by the general at his triumph.

62.8: #Ne . . . simus#: cf. p. 31, n. 9.

62.9: (_ut_) #relinquamus . . . eamus# is a substantive clause of purpose. For the omission of _ut_ see H 565, 4 (499, 2): M 781: A 331, _f_, R.: G 546, R. 2: B 295, 8.

63.1: abl. of specification.

63.2: #quo# (sc. _die_) = _eo die quo_.

63.3: #quae . . . opus erant#: 'which were necessary'; lit. 'which were a necessity.' For a very different construction with _opus_, cf. _nihil opus esse . . . eo cive_, XV, 22, and note.

63.4: #conspectum . . . expetentes#: 'craving a chance to see so great a man, as a sort of heaven-sent favor.'

63.5: #ne . . . gravaretur#: the subjunctive is used here in indir. disc., as representing an imperative of the direct: H 642, 4 (523, III): M 1023: A 339: G 652: B 316.]

#XXII. Tiberius Gracchus et Gaius Gracchus# [[stripped text]]

Tiberius et Gaius Gracchi Scipionis Africani ex filia nepotes erant.

Horum adulescentia bonis artibus et magna omnium spe exacta est: ad egregiam enim indolem optima accedebat educatio. Erant enim diligentia Corneliae matris a pueris docti et Graecis litteris eruditi. Maximum matronis ornamentum esse liberos bene inst.i.tutos merito putabat mater illa sapientissima. c.u.m Campana matrona, apud illam hospita, ornamenta sua, illo saeculo pulcherrima, ostentaret ei muliebriter, Cornelia traxit eam sermone quousque e schola redirent liberi. Quos reversos hospitae ostendens, "Haec" inquit "mea ornamenta sunt." Nihil quidem his adulescentibus neque a natura neque a doctrina defuit; sed ambo rem publicam, quam tueri poterant, perturbare maluerunt.

Tiberius Gracchus, tribunus plebis creatus, a senatu descivit: populi favorem profusis largitionibus sibi conciliavit; agros plebi dividebat; provincias novis coloniis replebat. c.u.m autem tribuniciam potestatem sibi prorogari vellet et palam dict.i.ta.s.set, interempto senatu omnia per plebem agi debere, viam sibi ad regnum parare videbatur. Quare c.u.m convocati patres deliberarent quidnam faciendum esset, statim Tiberius Capitolium pet.i.t, manum ad caput referens, quo signo salutem suam populo commendabat. Hoc n.o.bilitas ita accepit, quasi diadema posceret, segniterque cessante consule, Scipio Nasica, c.u.m esset consobrinus Tiberii Gracchi, patriam cognationi praeferens sublata dextra proclamavit: "Qui rem publicam salvam esse volunt, me sequantur!" Dein optimates, senatus atque equestris ordinis pars maior in Gracchum inruunt, qui fugiens decurrensque Clivo Capitolino fragmento subsellii ictus vitam, quam gloriosissime degere potuerat, immatura morte finivit.

Mortui Tiberii corpus in flumen proiectum est.

Gaium Gracchum idem furor, qui fratrem, Tiberium, occupavit. Tribunatum enim adeptus, seu vindicandae fraternae necis, seu comparandae regiae potentiae causa, pessima coepit inire consilia: maximas largitiones fecit; aerarium effudit: legem de frumento plebi dividendo tulit: civitatem omnibus Italicis dabat. His Gracchi consiliis quanta poterant contentione obsistebant omnes boni, in quibus maxime Piso, vir consularis. Is c.u.m multa contra legem frumentariam dixisset, lege tamen lata ad frumentum c.u.m ceteris accipiendum venit. Gracchus ubi animadvert.i.t in contione Pisonem stantem, eum sic compellavit audiente populo Romano: "Qui tibi constas, Piso, c.u.m ea lege frumentum petas, quam dissuasisti?" Cui Piso "Nolim quidem, Gracche" inquit, "mea bona tibi viritim dividere liceat; sed si facies, partem petam." Quo responso aperte declaravit vir gravis et sapiens lege, quam tulerat Gracchus, patrimonium public.u.m dissipari.

Decretum a senatu est ut videret consul Opimius ne quid detrimenti res publica caperet: quod nisi in maximo discrimine decerni non solebat.

Gaius Gracchus, armata familia, Aventinum occupavit. Consul, vocato ad arma populo, Gaium aggressus est, qui pulsus profugit et, c.u.m iam comprehenderetur, iugulum servo praebuit, qui dominum et mox semet ipsum super domini corpus interemit. Ut Tiberii Gracchi antea corpus, ita Gaii mira crudelitate victorum in Tiberim deiectum est. Caput autem a Septimuleio, amico Gracchi, ad Opimium relatum auro repensum fertur.

Sunt qui tradunt infuso plumbo eum partem capitis, quo gravius efficeretur, explesse.

Occiso Tiberio Graccho c.u.m senatus consulibus manda.s.set, ut in eos, qui c.u.m Graccho consenserant, animadverteretur, Blosius quidam, Tiberii amicus, pro se deprecatum venit, hanc, ut sibi ignosceretur, causam adferens, quod tanti Gracchum fecisset, ut, quidquid ille vellet, sibi faciendum putaret. Tum consul "Quid?" inquit "si te Gracchus templo Iovis in Capitolio faces subdere iussisset, obsecuturusne voluntati illius fuisses propter istam, quam iactas, familiaritatem?" "Numquam"

inquit Blosius "voluisset id quidem, sed si voluisset, paruissem."

Nefaria est ea vox, nulla enim est excusatio peccati, si amici causa peccaveris.

Exstat Gaii Gracchi e Sardinia Romam reversi oratio, in qua c.u.m alia tum haec de se narrat: "Versatus sum in provincia, quomodo ex usu vestro existimabam esse, non quomodo ambitioni meae conducere arbitrabar. Nemo possit vere dicere a.s.sem aut eo plus in muneribus me accep.i.s.se aut mea causa quemquam sumptum fecisse. Zonas, quas Roma proficiscens plenas argenti extuli, eas ex provincia inanes rettuli. Alii amphoras, quas vini plenas extulerunt, eas argento repletas domum reportarunt."

#XXII. Tiberius Gracchus et Gaius Gracchus# [[as printed]]

Tiberius et Gaius Gracchi[6] Scipionis Africani[7] ex filia[8]

nepotes erant. Horum adulescentia bonis artibus et magna omnium spe [[64]]

exacta est: ad egregiam enim indolem optima accedebat educatio.

Erant enim diligentia Corneliae matris a[1] pueris docti et Graecis litteris[2] eruditi. Maximum matronis ornamentum esse liberos {5} bene inst.i.tutos merito putabat mater illa sapientissima. c.u.m Campana matrona, apud illam hospita,[3] ornamenta sua, illo saeculo[4] pulcherrima, ostentaret ei muliebriter,[5] Cornelia traxit eam sermone quousque[6] e schola redirent liberi. Quos reversos hospitae ostendens, "Haec" inquit "mea ornamenta sunt." Nihil[7] {10} quidem his adulescentibus neque[7] a natura neque[7] a doctrina defuit; sed[8] ambo rem publicam, quam tueri poterant, perturbare maluerunt.

[Sidenote: B.C. 134.]

Tiberius Gracchus, tribunus plebis creatus, a senatu descivit: populi favorem profusis largitionibus sibi conciliavit; {15} agros[9] plebi dividebat; provincias novis coloniis[10]

replebat. c.u.m autem tribuniciam potestatem sibi prorogari[11] vellet [[65]]

et palam dict.i.ta.s.set,[1] interempto senatu omnia per plebem agi debere, viam sibi ad regnum parare videbatur. Quare c.u.m convocati patres deliberarent quidnam faciendum esset, statim Tiberius {20} Capitolium pet.i.t, manum ad caput referens, quo signo salutem suam populo commendabat. Hoc[2] n.o.bilitas ita accepit, quasi diadema posceret, segniterque cessante consule, Scipio Nasica, c.u.m[3] esset consobrinus Tiberii Gracchi, patriam cognationi praeferens sublata dextra proclamavit: "Qui rem publicam salvam {25} esse volunt, me sequantur!" Dein optimates, senatus atque equestris[4] ordinis pars maior in Gracchum inruunt, qui fugiens decurrensque Clivo Capitolino fragmento subsellii ictus vitam, quam gloriosissime degere[5] potuerat, immatura morte finivit.

Mortui Tiberii corpus in flumen proiectum est. {30}

[Sidenote: B.C. 123.]

Gaium Gracchum idem furor, qui fratrem, Tiberium, occupavit.

Tribunatum enim adeptus,[6] seu vindicandae fraternae necis, seu comparandae regiae potentiae causa, pessima coepit inire consilia: maximas largitiones fecit; aerarium[7] effudit: legem de frumento plebi dividendo tulit: civitatem[8] omnibus Italicis dabat.[9] {35} His Gracchi consiliis quanta[10] poterant contentione obsistebant [[66]]

omnes[1] boni, in quibus maxime Piso,[2] vir consularis. Is c.u.m multa contra legem frumentariam dixisset, lege tamen lata ad frumentum c.u.m ceteris accipiendum venit. Gracchus ubi animadvert.i.t in contione Pisonem stantem, eum sic compellavit {40} audiente populo Romano: "Qui[3] tibi constas, Piso, c.u.m ea lege frumentum petas, quam dissuasisti?" Cui Piso "Nolim[4] quidem, Gracche" inquit, "mea bona tibi[5] viritim dividere liceat; sed si facies, partem petam." Quo responso aperte declaravit vir {44} gravis et sapiens lege, quam tulerat Gracchus, patrimonium public.u.m dissipari.

[Sidenote: B.C. 121.]

Decretum a senatu est ut[6] videret consul Opimius ne quid detrimenti res publica caperet: quod nisi in maximo discrimine decerni non solebat. Gaius Gracchus, armata familia,[7] Aventinum occupavit. Consul, vocato ad arma populo, {50} Gaium aggressus est, qui pulsus profugit et, c.u.m iam[8]

comprehenderetur, iugulum servo praebuit, qui dominum et mox semet ipsum super domini corpus interemit. Ut Tiberii Gracchi antea corpus, ita Gaii mira crudelitate victorum in Tiberim deiectum est. Caput autem a Septimuleio, amico Gracchi, ad Opimium {55} relatum auro[9] repensum fertur. Sunt[10] qui tradunt infuso[11]

plumbo eum partem capitis, quo gravius efficeretur, explesse.[12]

Occiso Tiberio Graccho c.u.m senatus consulibus manda.s.set, ut [[67]]

in[1] eos, qui c.u.m Graccho consenserant, animadverteretur, Blosius quidam, Tiberii amicus, pro se deprecatum[2] venit, hanc, ut[3] sibi ignosceretur, causam adferens, quod tanti[4] Gracchum fecisset, {61} ut, quidquid ille vellet, sibi faciendum putaret. Tum consul "Quid?" inquit "si te Gracchus templo Iovis in Capitolio faces subdere iussisset,[5] obsecuturusne voluntati illius fuisses[5]

propter istam, quam iactas, familiaritatem?" "Numquam" inquit {65} Blosius "voluisset[5] id quidem,[6] sed si voluisset,[5]

paruissem.[5]"

Nefaria est ea vox, nulla enim est excusatio peccati, si amici causa peccaveris.

[Ill.u.s.tration: AMPHORAE]

Exstat Gaii Gracchi e Sardinia Romam reversi oratio, in qua {69} c.u.m[7] alia tum[7] haec de se narrat: "Versatus sum in provincia, quomodo ex[8] usu vestro existimabam esse, non quomodo ambitioni meae conducere arbitrabar. Nemo possit vere dicere a.s.sem[9]

aut eo plus in muneribus me accep.i.s.se aut mea causa quemquam sumptum[10] fecisse. Zonas, quas {75} Roma proficiscens plenas argenti[11] extuli, eas ex provincia inanes rettuli. Alii amphoras, quas vini[11] plenas extulerunt, eas argento[11] repletas domum {80} reportarunt."

[Footnotes: XXII (pages 63-67)

63.6: When two persons of the same name are mentioned together, the cognomen is usually put in the plural.

63.7: Africa.n.u.s Maior.

63.8: Her brother was the adoptive father of the younger Scipio Africa.n.u.s. The Gracchi were thus connected with two of the most distinguished of the Roman clans, the Cornelian and the Aemilian.

64.1: #a pueris#: we say, 'from _childhood_.'

64.2: 'literature'; abl. of means.

64.3: 'guest.'

64.4: #illo saeculo#: temporal abl. We say: 'for that age.' The writer of these words was familiar with the extraordinary luxury and extravagance that marked the later history of Rome.

64.5: 'with womanish pride.' A tone of contempt often attaches to _mulier_ and its derivatives.

64.6: construed here like _donec_, p. 39, n. 9.

64.7: Cf. p. 28, n. 3.

64.8: #sed . . . maluerunt#: this whole account of the Gracchi was manifestly written by one who sympathized with the senatorial or aristocratic party. Modern scholars are divided in their interpretations of the motives of the Gracchi.

64.9: The reference is to the _ager publicus_, or land gained in conquest. It belonged in theory to the state, but the greater part of it had fallen into the hands of wealthy capitalists, who, though possessing no legal t.i.tle to the land, yet regarded it as their own, and resented any attempt to interfere with their occupancy. Meanwhile, the number of small landholders was constantly decreasing. These circ.u.mstances tended to drive numbers of poor people to the cities, especially Rome. The universal employment of slave labor aggravated the trouble by shutting the poor out from honest labor. Tiberius attempted to remedy these evils by limiting the number of acres of the public land which might be held by any individual and by distributing the lands thus redeemed among the poorer cla.s.ses.

64.10: These colonies were intended to aid in relieving the distress at Rome by removing part of the population and supplying such persons with lands.

64.11: It was a general rule that no magistrate should hold the same office for two successive terms. Thus no man could be reelected consul until ten years after the expiration of the first term. When Tiberius, at the end of his year as tribune, presented himself for reelection, the aristocrats appealed to this rule.

Gracchus might have replied that the rule had often been set aside under special circ.u.mstances. Still, on the whole, his conduct seems to have been unconst.i.tutional.

65.1: This statement is probably wholly false. As the champions of the poor against the rich, the Gracchi were hated by the aristocrats, and received no favors at the hands of Roman historians.

65.2: #Hoc . . . posceret#: 'The n.o.bles interpreted this to mean that he was demanding a kingly crown.' #posceret# is subjunctive as giving in indirect discourse the thought of the n.o.bles; cf.

p. 3, n. 6.

65.3: 'although.'

65.4: See Vocab., _equestris_ and _eques_.

65.5: #degere potuerat#: 'he might have spent.' Cf. _tueri poterant_, l. 12.

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Selections from Viri Romae Part 23 summary

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