Seeing The Elephant Part 13

17 Ibid. Ibid.

18 "Trends and Facts-Cultivating Food Security," "Trends and Facts-Cultivating Food Security," State of the World 2005 State of the World 2005, Worldwatch Inst.i.tute, http://www.worldwatch.org/node/73.

19 CIA World Factbook CIA World Factbook, s.v., "The World," https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html (last accessed June 4, 2008). (last accessed June 4, 2008).

20 "Trade in Forest Products and Services," Food and Agriculture Organization, "Trade in Forest Products and Services," Food and Agriculture Organization, http://www.fao.org/forestry/trade/en/ (last accessed June 4, 2008). (last accessed June 4, 2008).

21 Ibid. Ibid.

22 Edward Harris, "Rain Forests Shrink at 'Alarming' Rate," a.s.sociated Press, February 3, 2008, Edward Harris, "Rain Forests Shrink at 'Alarming' Rate," a.s.sociated Press, February 3, 2008, http://www.livescience.com/environment/080203-ap-forest-decline.html.

23 "Saving Forests," Conservation International, "Saving Forests," Conservation International, http://www.conservation.org/learn/forests/Pages/overview.aspx (last accessed June 2, 2008). (last accessed June 2, 2008).

24 Food and Agriculture Organization, "Globalization Altering the Forest Landscape in Asia-Pacific," news release, Chiang Mai,Thailand, October 16, 2007, Food and Agriculture Organization, "Globalization Altering the Forest Landscape in Asia-Pacific," news release, Chiang Mai,Thailand, October 16, 2007, http://www.un.or.th/presscentre/doc.u.ments/071016FAOGlobalizationAlteringtheForestLandscapeinAsiaPacific.pdf.

25 "Summary Statistics for GloballyThreatened Species,"International Union for the Conservation of Nature, "Summary Statistics for GloballyThreatened Species,"International Union for the Conservation of Nature, http://www.iucnredlist.org/info/stats (last accessed June 8, 2008). (last accessed June 8, 2008).

26 Howard Youth, "Winged Messengers: The Decline of Birds," Howard Youth, "Winged Messengers: The Decline of Birds," Worldwatch Paper Worldwatch Paper 165, March 2003. 165, March 2003.

27 Ibid. Ibid.

28 Daniel Prager and Valerie Thompson,"Findings of the Millennium Ecosystem a.s.sessment: How Do the Poor Fare?" Daniel Prager and Valerie Thompson,"Findings of the Millennium Ecosystem a.s.sessment: How Do the Poor Fare?" World Resources 2005 World Resources 2005, September 2005, http://earthtrends.wri.org/features/view_feature.php?fid=61&theme=4.

29 "Rain Forest Agribusiness," Rain Forest Action Network, "Rain Forest Agribusiness," Rain Forest Action Network, http://ran.org/campaigns/rainforest_agribusiness/spotlight/getting_real_about_biofuels/ (last accessed June 2, 2008). (last accessed June 2, 2008).

30 Ibid. Ibid.

31 J. P.W. and W. F. Laurance, "How Green Are Biofuels?" J. P.W. and W. F. Laurance, "How Green Are Biofuels?" Science Science 319 (2008): 52-53. 319 (2008): 52-53.

32 "Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Avoided Emissions in the Production and Utilization of Sugar Cane, Sugar and Ethanol in Brazil: 1990-1994," Macedo, Copersucar Technological Centre, "Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Avoided Emissions in the Production and Utilization of Sugar Cane, Sugar and Ethanol in Brazil: 1990-1994," Macedo, Copersucar Technological Centre, www.mct.gov.br/clima/ingles/comunic_old/coperal.htm.

33 Gerry Shih, c.o.x News Service, "Ohio Rides the Boom in Ethanol Production," Environmental Working Group, May 27, 2008, Gerry Shih, c.o.x News Service, "Ohio Rides the Boom in Ethanol Production," Environmental Working Group, May 27, 2008, http://www.ewg.org/node/26611.

34 "Rain Forest Agribusiness," Rain Forest Action Network, "Rain Forest Agribusiness," Rain Forest Action Network, http://ran.org/campaigns/rainforest_agribusiness/spotlight/getting_real_about_biofuels/ (last accessed June 2, 2008). (last accessed June 2, 2008).

35 "Facts and Figures: Water Use," UNESCO, "Facts and Figures: Water Use," UNESCO, http://www.unesco.org/water/iyfw2/water_use.shtml (last accessed June 8, 2008). (last accessed June 8, 2008).

36 Jessica Forrest, "Protecting Ecosystems in a Changing World," World Resource Inst.i.tute, July 2003, Jessica Forrest, "Protecting Ecosystems in a Changing World," World Resource Inst.i.tute, July 2003, http://earthtrends.wri.org/features/view_feature.php?theme=7&fid=47.

37 Worldwatch Inst.i.tute, "From Drinking Water to Disasters, Investing in Freshwater Ecosystems Is Best Insurance Policy," news release, July 11, 2005, Worldwatch Inst.i.tute, "From Drinking Water to Disasters, Investing in Freshwater Ecosystems Is Best Insurance Policy," news release, July 11, 2005, http://www.worldwatch.org/node/1819.

38 AlexVeiga,a.s.sociated Press,"LA Jurors Award $3.3 Million to Banana Workers in Pesticide Case," AlexVeiga,a.s.sociated Press,"LA Jurors Award $3.3 Million to Banana Workers in Pesticide Case," Panama-Guide.com, November 6, 2007, http://www.panama-guide.com/article.php/20071106150552588.

39 The Green Revolution refers to the spread of the use of pesticides, irrigation projects, synthetic nitrogen fertilizer, and high-yield variety seeds outside the industrialized world in the 1960s. The Green Revolution refers to the spread of the use of pesticides, irrigation projects, synthetic nitrogen fertilizer, and high-yield variety seeds outside the industrialized world in the 1960s.

40 Indur Goklany, "Fuels v. Food," Indur Goklany, "Fuels v. Food," New York Post New York Post, April 17, 2008, http://www.nypost.com/seven/04172008/postopinion/opedcolumnists/fuels_vs__food_106836.htm.

41 "The Political Cost of Inflation," "The Political Cost of Inflation," Economist Economist, April 4, 2008, http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10987640.

42 "Malthus, the False Prophet," "Malthus, the False Prophet," Economist Economist, May 15, 2008, http://www.economist.com/finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11374623.

43 "Obesity and Overweight," World Health Organization, "Obesity and Overweight," World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/facts/obesity/en/ (last accessed June 6, 2008). (last accessed June 6, 2008).

44 Heather Timmons, "Indians Bristle at U.S. Criticism on Food Prices," Heather Timmons, "Indians Bristle at U.S. Criticism on Food Prices," International Herald Tribune International Herald Tribune, May 13, 2008, http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/05/13/business/food.php#.

45 Cornell University, "U.S. Could Feed 800 Million People with Grain That Livestock Eat," news release, August 7, 1997, Cornell University, "U.S. Could Feed 800 Million People with Grain That Livestock Eat," news release, August 7, 1997, http://www.news.cornell.edu/releases/aug97/livestock.hrs.html.

46 "Grain and Bear It," "Grain and Bear It," Economist Economist, May 23, 2008, http://www.economist.com/agenda/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11435966.

47 "The New Face of Hunger," "The New Face of Hunger," Economist Economist,April 17, 2008, http://www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11049284.

48 Ibid. Ibid.

49 "Food Crisis: Soaring Prices Are Causing Hunger Around the World," "Food Crisis: Soaring Prices Are Causing Hunger Around the World," Washington Post, Washington Post, March 14, 2008, A16. March 14, 2008, A16.

50 FAO Newsroom, "Livestock a Major Threat to Environment," news release, November 29, 2006, FAO Newsroom, "Livestock a Major Threat to Environment," news release, November 29, 2006, http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2006/1000448/index.html.

51 "Innovations," "Innovations," State of the World 2008 State of the World 2008, Worldwatch Inst.i.tute, http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5567.

52 Cornell University, "U.S. Could Feed 800 Million People." Cornell University, "U.S. Could Feed 800 Million People."

53 "Blue in Green," "Blue in Green," Economist Economist, December 10, 2007, http://www.economist.com/research/articlesBySubject/displaystory.cfm?subjectid=7933604&story_id=10272759.

54 "Improving Water Management: Recent OECD Experience," "Improving Water Management: Recent OECD Experience," OECD Policy Brief OECD Policy Brief, February 2006.

55 Ibid., 2. Ibid., 2.

56 Brian f.a.gan,"Learning from Our Arid Past," Brian f.a.gan,"Learning from Our Arid Past," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times,April 29, 2008, http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/commentary/la-oe-f.a.gan29apr29,0,4871853.story.

57 Reuters, "Drought, Food Prices Threaten Millions of Somalis," May 19, 2008, Reuters, "Drought, Food Prices Threaten Millions of Somalis," May 19, 2008, http://africa.reuters.com/top/news/usnBAN953741.html 58 Ryan Flimn, "California Utility Imposes First Water Rationing in 16 Years," Ryan Flimn, "California Utility Imposes First Water Rationing in 16 Years," Bloomberg Bloomberg, May 14, 2008, http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601103&sid=aXfOhojHq.X8&refer=us.

59 f.a.gan, "Learning from Our Arid Past." f.a.gan, "Learning from Our Arid Past."

60 Ibid. Ibid.

61 Tom Le Quesne, Guy Pegram, and Constantin Von Der Heyden, "Allocating Scarce Water," Tom Le Quesne, Guy Pegram, and Constantin Von Der Heyden, "Allocating Scarce Water," WWF WWF, April 2007.

62 "Alfalfa: The Thirstiest Crop," Natural Resources Defense Council, "Alfalfa: The Thirstiest Crop," Natural Resources Defense Council, http://www.nrdc.org/water/conservation/fcawater.asp.

63 Ibid. Ibid.

64 Ibid. Ibid.

65 U.S. Geological Survey, "Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 1995," U.S. Geological Survey, "Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 1995," U.S. Geological Survey Circular U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1200, Denver, Colorado, 1995. 1200, Denver, Colorado, 1995.

66 Abid Aslam, "Protecting, Conserving Water Resources Could Save Communities Immense Sums-Report," Abid Aslam, "Protecting, Conserving Water Resources Could Save Communities Immense Sums-Report," One World US One World US, July 20, 2005, http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/0720-05.htm.

67 "Nature's Water 'Factories' Under Threat," "Nature's Water 'Factories' Under Threat," People and Planet People and Planet, August 5, 2005, http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=2513.

68 Barrie Stevens, "a.s.sessing the Risks," Barrie Stevens, "a.s.sessing the Risks," OECD Observer OECD Observer, http://www.oecdobserver.org/news/fullstory.php/aid/1808/a.s.sessing_the_risks.html.

69 World Health Organization 2007 figures. World Health Organization 2007 figures.

70 "Improving Water Management." "Improving Water Management."

71 "Water and Violent Conflict," "Water and Violent Conflict," OECD Issues Brief OECD Issues Brief.

72 Robie I. Samanta Roy, "India-Bangladesh Water Dispute," November 1997, Robie I. Samanta Roy, "India-Bangladesh Water Dispute," November 1997, http://www.american.edu/ted/ice/indobang.htm.

73 Ibid. Ibid.

74 "The Coming Wave," "The Coming Wave," Economist Economist, June 5, 2008, http://www.economist.com/search/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11482565.

75 "The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006," Food and Agriculture Organization, "The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006," Food and Agriculture Organization, http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5600e/y5600e05.htm.

76 Ibid. Ibid.

77 Ibid. Ibid.

78 Worldwatch Inst.i.tute, "SOS for Fading Ocean Life," news release, 2008, Worldwatch Inst.i.tute, "SOS for Fading Ocean Life," news release, 2008, http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5360.

79 "State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006," FAO. "State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006," FAO.

80 Originally occurring every two to three years, the Gulf of Mexico dead zone now appears every spring, linked to the increased use of chemical fertilizers. In the spring, fresh thaws increase the flow of the Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers into the Gulf. The watershed for the Mississippi River covers 41 percent of the continental United States and approximately 52 percent of U.S. farms. Runoff from the Mississippi River basin carries a heavy load of phosphorus and nitrogen-rich waste from animal manure and chemical fertilizers.The nutrient-laden wastewater promotes excessive algae growth.When the algae eventually sinks to the bottom to decompose, the bacteria that feed off it consume all the available oxygen, making the water unviable for other animal life.The impact of the dead zone on commerce has not been fully measured, but studies suggest that the occurrence of this dead zone forces fishing vessels to change their normal fishing patterns, expending more time and fuel to harvest their catches and potentially forcing marginal operators out of business. The forced concentration of fishing outside of the dead zone has resulted localized overfishing. The lost catch resulting from death of sh.e.l.lfish in the zone and long-term damage to the food chain and ecosystem caused by hypoxia is unclear, but is potentially quite large.The Gulf dead zone is one of the largest human-caused hypoxic zones in the world, but it is not unique. In the United States, hypoxic zones develop annually in western Long Island Sound off New York and Connecticut, in the Chesapeake Bay, and in the Neuse River in North Carolina. Outside the United States, dead zones are found in the Adriatic, Baltic, Black, and North Seas. Originally occurring every two to three years, the Gulf of Mexico dead zone now appears every spring, linked to the increased use of chemical fertilizers. In the spring, fresh thaws increase the flow of the Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers into the Gulf. The watershed for the Mississippi River covers 41 percent of the continental United States and approximately 52 percent of U.S. farms. Runoff from the Mississippi River basin carries a heavy load of phosphorus and nitrogen-rich waste from animal manure and chemical fertilizers.The nutrient-laden wastewater promotes excessive algae growth.When the algae eventually sinks to the bottom to decompose, the bacteria that feed off it consume all the available oxygen, making the water unviable for other animal life.The impact of the dead zone on commerce has not been fully measured, but studies suggest that the occurrence of this dead zone forces fishing vessels to change their normal fishing patterns, expending more time and fuel to harvest their catches and potentially forcing marginal operators out of business. The forced concentration of fishing outside of the dead zone has resulted localized overfishing. The lost catch resulting from death of sh.e.l.lfish in the zone and long-term damage to the food chain and ecosystem caused by hypoxia is unclear, but is potentially quite large.The Gulf dead zone is one of the largest human-caused hypoxic zones in the world, but it is not unique. In the United States, hypoxic zones develop annually in western Long Island Sound off New York and Connecticut, in the Chesapeake Bay, and in the Neuse River in North Carolina. Outside the United States, dead zones are found in the Adriatic, Baltic, Black, and North Seas.

81 Bee Wilson, "The Last Bite," Bee Wilson, "The Last Bite," New Yorker New Yorker, May 19, 2008, http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/atlarge/2008/05/19/080519crat_atlarge_wilson?currentPage=all.

82 FAO Newsroom, "Depleted Fish Stocks Require Recovery Efforts," news release, March 7, 2005, FAO Newsroom, "Depleted Fish Stocks Require Recovery Efforts," news release, March 7, 2005, http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2005/100095/index.html.

83 "State of the World's Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006," Food and Agriculture Organization, "State of the World's Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006," Food and Agriculture Organization, http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0699e/A0699E06.htm#6.3.1.

84 Ibid. Ibid.

85 "Pollution Linked to Birth Defects," "Pollution Linked to Birth Defects," BBC News BBC News, December 30, 2001, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/1731902.stm.

86 Robert Malone, "America's Most Polluted Cities," Robert Malone, "America's Most Polluted Cities," Forbes Forbes, March 21, 2006, http://www.forbes.com/2006/03/21/americas-most-polluted-cities-cx_rm_0321pollute.html.

87 Ibid. Ibid.

88 Wayne Freedman, "Pollution in China Could Impact Our Air," Wayne Freedman, "Pollution in China Could Impact Our Air," KGO-TV KGO-TV, November 7, 2007, http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/story?section=news/environment&id=5747398.

89 Mich.e.l.le L. Bell et al., "Global Impacts of Particulate Matter Air Pollution," Mich.e.l.le L. Bell et al., "Global Impacts of Particulate Matter Air Pollution," Environmental Research Letters Environmental Research Letters (2007): 2, (2007): 2, http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/1748-9326/2/4/045026.

90 Keith Bradsher and David Barboza, "Pollution from Chinese Coal Casts a Global Shadow," Keith Bradsher and David Barboza, "Pollution from Chinese Coal Casts a Global Shadow," New York Times New York Times, June 11, 2006.

91 Ibid. Ibid.

92 Ibid. Ibid.

93 Scott Barrett, "Barrett Proposal: A Mult.i.track Climate Treaty System," Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, September 5, 2007, Scott Barrett, "Barrett Proposal: A Mult.i.track Climate Treaty System," Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, September 5, 2007, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/experts/1294/scott_barrett.html.

94 Steve Gelsi, "Bush Calls For Halt in Greenhouse Gas Growth by 2025," Steve Gelsi, "Bush Calls For Halt in Greenhouse Gas Growth by 2025," Market.w.a.tch Market.w.a.tch, April 16, 2008, http://www.market.w.a.tch.com/news/story/bush-calls-halt-greenhouse-gas-growth/story.aspx?guid=%7B4E95F81E-4F34-4AE9-80A7-723DB5FE9B80%7D&dist=msr_3.

95 "The Search for Clean Coal," "The Search for Clean Coal," Globe-Net Globe-Net, May 28, 2008, http://www.climatebiz.com/feature/2008/05/28/the-search-clean-coal?page=0%2C2.

96 "Coal Mining," in "Coal Mining," in The Coal Resource: A Comprehensive Overview of Coal The Coal Resource: A Comprehensive Overview of Coal (London:World Coal Inst.i.tute, 2005). (London:World Coal Inst.i.tute, 2005).

97 "Search for Clean Coal." "Search for Clean Coal."

98 "Mobile Sources," Environmental Protection Agency, "Mobile Sources," Environmental Protection Agency, http://www.epa.gov/oms/invntory/overview/pollutants/index.htm.

99 For example, varied discount rates applied to the costs of global warming for 100 years can generate widely different cost scenarios. For example, varied discount rates applied to the costs of global warming for 100 years can generate widely different cost scenarios.

100 "Gas Prices Dominate the Public's Economic News Agenda," News Interest Index, Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, June 19, 2008, "Gas Prices Dominate the Public's Economic News Agenda," News Interest Index, Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, June 19, 2008, http://people-press.org/report/431/gas-prices-public-agenda.

101 "State of the World 2008: Innovations for a Sustainable Economy," Worldwatch Inst.i.tute, "State of the World 2008: Innovations for a Sustainable Economy," Worldwatch Inst.i.tute, http://www.worldwatch.org/stateoftheworld.

102 Ibid. Ibid.

103 Ibid. Ibid.

104 Meredith A. Giordano and Aaron T.Wolf, "The World's International Freshwater Agreements: Historical Developments and Future Opportunities," Meredith A. Giordano and Aaron T.Wolf, "The World's International Freshwater Agreements: Historical Developments and Future Opportunities," Atlas of International Freshwater Agreements Atlas of International Freshwater Agreements, http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/publications/atlas/.

105 Monica Prasad, "On Carbon, Tax and Don't Spend," Monica Prasad, "On Carbon, Tax and Don't Spend," New York Times New York Times, March 25, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/25/opinion/25prasad.html.

106 "The Elusive Negawatt," "The Elusive Negawatt," Economist Economist, May 8, 2008, http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11326549.

107 "Introduction," Carbon Tax Center, "Introduction," Carbon Tax Center, http://www.carbontax.org/introduction/#why (last accessed June 16, 2008). (last accessed June 16, 2008).

108 "Joseph E. Stiglitz Stands Up for a Carbon Tax," "Joseph E. Stiglitz Stands Up for a Carbon Tax," Courrier International Courrier International, December 12, 2007, http://europe.courrierinternational.com/eurotopics/article.asp?langue=uk&publication=12/12/2007&cat=REFLECTIONS&pi=1.

Chapter 8: Remembering the Bottom of the Pyramid.

1 "Pessimistic on Poverty? Economics Focus," "Pessimistic on Poverty? Economics Focus," Economist Economist,April 10, 2004.

2 "The 2008 HHS Poverty Guidelines: One Version of the [U.S.] Federal Poverty Measure," United States Department of Health and Human Services, "The 2008 HHS Poverty Guidelines: One Version of the [U.S.] Federal Poverty Measure," United States Department of Health and Human Services, http://aspe.hhs.gov/poverty/08poverty.shtml.

3 "Pessimistic on Poverty?" "Pessimistic on Poverty?"

4 www.treasury.gov.au/doc.u.ments/110/PDF/Round2.pdf.

5 "Questions and Answers with David Dollar," World Bank, 2004, "Questions and Answers with David Dollar," World Bank, 2004, http://www1.worldbank.org/economicpolicy/globalization/dollarqa.htm.