Roman Britain in 1914 Part 7

But he has not heeded Roy's warnings that the reasons are not cogent.

Actually, they are very weak. At Channelkirk, only two sides of a camp remained in Roy's time; they measured not 1,250 1,800 feet but 1,330 1,660 feet, and the longer side had one gate in the middle, not two; to-day, next to nothing is visible. At Ta.s.sie's Holm there was only a corner of a perhaps quite small earthwork--not necessarily Roman--and the distance to Torwood Moor is nearer twenty than fourteen Roman miles. At Torwood Moor only one side, 1,780 feet long with two gates, was clear in Roy's time; the width of the camp is unknown.

Cleghorn seems to have been fairly complete, but modern measurers give its size as 1,000 1,700 feet. Dr. Schulten builds on imaginary foundations when he calls these four camps coeval. He has not even proof that there were four camps.

Nor is his reason any more convincing for a.s.signing these camps, and Birrenswark with them, to Agricola. Here he parts company from Roy and adduces an argument of his own--that Agricola was the only general who used both eastern and western routes. That is a mere a.s.sertion, unproven and improbable. Roman generals were operating in Scotland in the reigns of Pius and Marcus (A.D. 140-80) and Septimius Severus; if there were two routes, it is merely arbitrary to limit these men to the eastern route. As a matter of fact, the history of the western route is rather obscure; doubts have been thrown on its very existence north of Birrens.

But if it did exist, the sites most obviously connected with it are the second-century sites of Birrens, Lyne, and Carstairs; at Birrenswark itself the only definitely datable finds, four coins, include two issues of Trajan.[15]

[Footnote 15: Gordon, p. 184, _Minutes of the Soc. Antiq._ i. 183 (2 February, 1725). It has been suggested that Gordon mixed up Birrens and Birrenswark. But though the Soc. Antiq. Minutes only describe the coins as 'found in a Roman camp in Annandale, ... the first Roman camp to be seen in Scotland', Gordon obviously knew more than the Minutes contain--he gives, e.g. the name of a local antiquary who noted the find--and the distinction between the 'town' (as it was then thought) of Middelby (as it was then called) and the camp of Burnswork, was well recognized in his time.]

The truth is that the question is more complex than Dr. Schulten has realized. Possibly it is not ripe for solution. I have myself ventured, in previous publications, to date Birrenswark to Agricola--for reasons quite different from those of Dr. Schulten. But I would emphasize that we need, both there and at many earth-camps, full archaeological use of the spade. The circ.u.mstances of the hour are unfavourable to that altogether.

POSTSCRIPT

_Herefordshire_

(54) As I go to press, I receive the _Transactions of the Woolhope Naturalists' Field Club_ for 1908-11 (Hereford, 1914), a volume which, despite the date on its t.i.tle-page, does not appear to have been actually issued till April 1915. It contains on pp. 68-73 and 105-9 two ill.u.s.trated papers on three Roman roads of Herefordshire--Stone Street, the puzzling road near Leominster, and Blackwardine, the itinerary route between Gloucester and Monmouth. The find made at Donnington in 1906, which is explained on p. 69 as a 'villa' and on p. 109 as an agrimensorial pit--this latter an impossibility--was, I think, really a kiln, though there may have been a dwelling-house near. The most interesting of the Roman finds made lately in Herefordshire, those of Kenchester, do not come into this volume, but belong in point of date to the volume which will succeed it.

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 30. GELLYGAER. STONE PACKING FOR A WOODEN POSTHOLE IN THE VERANDAH OF THE BARRACKS (FIG. 29 E)]

APPENDIX: LIST OF PERIODICALS

The following list enumerates the archaeological and other periodicals published in these islands which sometimes or often contain noteworthy articles relating to Roman Britain. Those which contained such articles in 1914 are marked by an asterisk, and references are given in square brackets to the numbered paragraphs in the preceding section (pp.

38-63).

1. PERIODICALS NOT CONNECTED WITH SPECIAL DISTRICTS

_Archaeologia_ (Society of Antiquaries of London).

*_Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London_ [see 30, 37, 44, 45].

_English Historical Review_ (London).

_Scottish Historical Review_ (Glasgow).

*_Numismatic Chronicle_ (London) [see 8].

_British Numismatic Journal_ (London).

*_Journal of Roman Studies_ (London) [see 28].

*_Archaeological Journal_ (Royal Archaeological Inst.i.tute, London) [see 2].

*_Journal of the British Archaeological a.s.sociation_ (London) [see 17, 24, 30].

*_Antiquary_ (London) [see 3, 32].

_Athenaeum_ (London).

_Architectural Review_ (London).

2. PERIODICALS DEALING PRIMARILY WITH SPECIAL DISTRICTS

BERKSHIRE.

*_Berks, Bucks, and Oxon Archaeological Journal_ (Reading) [see 5].

BUCKINGHAMSHIRE.

_Records of Buckinghamshire_ (Aylesbury). See also Berks.

CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

_Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society_ (Cambridge).

_Proceedings of the Cambridge and Huntingdonshire Archaeological Society_ (Ely).

CHESHIRE.

_Journal of the Architectural, Archaeological, and Historic Society of Chester and North Wales_ (Chester).

See also Lancashire.

CORNWALL.

_Journal of the Royal Inst.i.tution of Cornwall_ (Plymouth).

See also Devon.

c.u.mBERLAND.

*_Transactions of the c.u.mberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society_ (Kendal). Includes also Lancashire north of the Sands [see 42].

DERBYSHIRE.