Practical Grammar and Composition Part 31

Wrong: I acted just _like_ (_as_) all the others (did).

Wrong: _Directly_ (_as soon as_) he came, we harnessed the horses.

EXERCISE 60

_Correct the following sentences:_

1. Mary is as old as her.

2. I read as much as him.

3. He either wore his coat or a sort of vest.

4. He walked to the next town, but did not come back, but stayed all night.

5. We are better players than them.

6. He became thoroughly under the influence of the hypnotist and doing many absurd things.

7. There we met a man named Harmon and whom we found very entertaining.

8. They work harder than us.

9. John is not as tall as you.

10. Neither John or James is as tall as you.

11. I admire Mary more than she.

12. That can't be done without you get permission from the princ.i.p.al.

13. He dresses just like I do.

14. Directly he came we launched the canoes.

15. This cannot be done except you are a senior.

16. Neither she nor I was present.

17. He not only had a trained pig but also a goose.

18. Mary is not as pretty as Helen.

19. The men neither interested him nor the places.

20. He has traveled more than me.

21. We like him very much, for he is very interesting, for he has traveled so much.

22. It is a good book and which has much valuable information.

23. It was a rough town and harboring many criminals.

24. He took an interest neither in studies, nor did he care for athletics.

25. He neither took an interest in studies nor athletics.

EXERCISE 61

_Construct sentences in which the following words are correctly used:_

When, where, than, as--as, so--as, neither--nor, not only--but also, either--or, except, like, without, directly.

86. PREPOSITIONS. Some mistakes are made in the use of prepositions.

Note the following brief list of words with the appropriate prepositions to be used with each:

agree _with_ a person differ _from_ (person or thing) agree _to_ a proposition differ _from_ or _with_ an opinion bestow _upon_ different _from_ compare _with_ (to determine value) glad _of_ compare _to_ (because of similarity) need _of_ comply _with_ part _from_ (a person) confide _in_ (to trust in) part _with_ (a thing) confide _to_ (to intrust to) profit _by_ confer _on_ (to give) prohibit _from_ confer _with_ (to talk with) reconcile _to_ (a person) convenient _to_ (a place) reconcile _with_ (a statement) convenient _for_ (a purpose) scared _by_ dependent _on_ think _of_ or _about_

Do not use prepositions where they are unnecessary. Note the following improper expressions in which the preposition should be omitted:

continue _on_ _down_ until covered _over_ inside _of_ off _of_ outside _of_ started _out_ where _to_?

wish _for_ to come remember _of_ more than you think _for_

Do not omit any preposition that is necessary to the completeness of the sentence.

Bad: He is a dealer and shipper _of_ coal.

Good: He is a dealer _in_ and shipper _of_ coal.

EXERCISE 62

_Ill.u.s.trate in sentences the correct use of each of the expressions listed under the first paragraph of_ --86.

_Form sentences in which correct expressions are used in place of each of the incorrect expressions listed under the second paragraph of_ --86.

QUESTIONS FOR THE REVIEW OF GRAMMAR

SENTENCES, PARTS OF SPEECH, AND SENTENCE ELEMENTS. What are the four kinds of sentences? What are the different parts of speech?

Define each. What is the difference between a clause and a phrase?

What is the difference between a princ.i.p.al clause and a subordinate clause? Ill.u.s.trate. Ill.u.s.trate an adverbial clause. An adjective clause. Ill.u.s.trate an adverbial phrase. An adjective phrase. What is an attribute complement? Ill.u.s.trate. What is an object complement?

Ill.u.s.trate. Ill.u.s.trate and explain the difference between simple, complex, and compound sentences.

NOUNS. What is the difference between singular and plural number?

How is the plural of most nouns formed? Of nouns ending in _s, ch, sh, x_, or _z_? In _y_? In _f_ or _fe_? In _o_? Of letters, figures, etc.? Of compound nouns? Of proper names and t.i.tles? How is the possessive case of most nouns formed? Of nouns ending in _s_ or in an _s_ sound? Of a compound noun or of a group of words?

What is gender? How is the feminine gender formed from the masculine?

What is the difference between common and proper nouns?

p.r.o.nOUNS. What is a p.r.o.noun? What is the antecedent of a p.r.o.noun?

What is the rule for their agreement? What is meant by "person"

in p.r.o.nouns? Name five p.r.o.nouns of each person. Name the p.r.o.nouns that indicate masculine gender. Feminine. Neuter. What p.r.o.nouns may be used to refer to antecedents that stand for persons of either s.e.x? To antecedents that are collective nouns of unity? To animals?

What are nouns of common gender? By what p.r.o.nouns are they referred to? Should a singular or a plural p.r.o.noun be used after _everybody_?

After _some one_? After _some people_? After two nouns connected by _or_? By _nor_? By _and_? What are relative p.r.o.nouns? Name them.

With what kind of antecedents may each be used? What is the difference between the explanatory relative and the restrictive relative?

Ill.u.s.trate. What is an interrogative p.r.o.noun? What p.r.o.nouns may be used only in the nominative case? In the objective case? When should the nominative case be used? The objective? The possessive?

May _thou_ and _you_ be used in the same sentence? When should _but that_ be used, and when _but what_? May _them_ be used adjectively?

May _which_ be used with a clause as an antecedent? May _which_ and _that_, or _who_ and _that_ be used in the same sentence with the same antecedent?

ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS. Distinguish between adjectives and adverbs.

Ill.u.s.trate. What is comparison? What is the positive degree, the comparative, the superlative? Ill.u.s.trate each. May one say, _He is the largest of the two?_ Reason? _He is the larger of the three?_ Reason? _He is the largest of all?_ Reason? Name three adjectives which cannot be compared. May one say, _Paris is larger than any city?_ Reason? _Paris is larger than all cities?_ Reason? _Paris is the largest of any other city?_ Reason? Is a singular or plural noun demanded by _every_? By _two_? By _various_? By _each_? With how many objects may _either_ be used? _Neither_? Where should the adjective or adverb be placed in the sentence? What is meant by a double negative? Ill.u.s.trate. What is its effect? What is the definite article?

VERBS. What is a verb? What is a princ.i.p.al verb? An auxiliary?

Ill.u.s.trate. What are the princ.i.p.al parts of a verb? Name each.

With what is the s-form used? With which form can no auxiliary be used? Make a sentence using each of the princ.i.p.al parts of the verbs, _go, see, begin, come, drink, write_. What is a transitive verb? Ill.u.s.trate. An intransitive verb? Ill.u.s.trate. What is the difference between active and pa.s.sive voice? Does a transitive or does an intransitive verb have both voices? Ill.u.s.trate the pa.s.sive voice. Distinguish between the use of _sit_ and _set_. Of _lay_ and _lie_. Of _rise_ and _raise_. What is the general rule for the use of the subjunctive mode? In what way and where does the subjunctive of _be_ differ from the indicative in its forms? How do other verbs differ in the form of the subjunctive? In what respects should a verb agree with its subject? Does the form of the subject always determine its number? What should be the guide in determining whether to use a singular or plural verb? What cla.s.s of subjects may not be used with _don't, can't_, etc.? What determines whether to use a singular or a plural verb after _who_, _which_, and _that_? What form of the verb is used after _you_? After _they_? When are _shall_ and _should_ used with _I_ and _we_? When with other subjects?

What rule governs their use in questions. What form is used in dependent clauses introduced by _that_, expressed or understood? In contingent clauses? Distinguish the use of _may_ and _might_ from _can_ and _could_. What is a "dangling participle"? Is it an error?

May the gerund be correctly used without any grammatical connection to the rest of the sentence? As the object of a preposition is a participle or gerund used? Which is used adjectively? Which may be used in connection with a possessive substantive as a modifier?

When it is dependent on another verb, in what case should the present infinitive be used? When the perfect infinitive? What is a "split infinitive"? Need the parts of a compound predicate agree in tense?

CONNECTIVES. By what are independent clauses connected? Dependent clauses? Name two conjunctive adverbs. Should a _when_ clause be used in a subordinate or in the princ.i.p.al part of the sentence?

May _so, then_, or _also_ be used alone as conjunctive adverbs? May _and_ or _but_ be used to join a dependent clause to a princ.i.p.al clause? What case should follow _than_ or _as_? Should _neither_ be followed by _nor_ or _or_?