Practical Grammar and Composition Part 16

24. ----ing down is a good way to rest.

25. ----ing is a sin.

26. He ---- to his father, and his father knew it.

RAISE AND RISE (ARISE)

1. I will ---- and go unto my father.

2. He has ---- early to-day.

3. I do not know why he ---- so early.

4. ---- your hand if you know.

5. Everyone ---- his hand.

6. They have all ---- their hands.

7. All their hands were ---- at once.

8. The price of meat has ----.

9. The bread would not ----.

10. I ---- in order that I might see better.

11. The flag was very carefully ----.

12. He tried to ---- himself from the condition into which he had fallen.

13. The curtain is to ---- at eight. I myself shall see to ----ing it then.

14. The boy ---- and answers.

15. He is ---- rapidly to prominence.

16. Will you please ---- the window?

17. The safe was ---- by means of a rope.

18. It is like trying to ---- one's self by one's boot-straps.

19. ---- and march to the front of the room.

20. The river ---- rapidly.

FELL AND FALL

1. Gladstone, when living, ---- a tree each morning for exercise.

2. To ---- an ox with one blow of the fist is a feat of wonderful strength.

3. He was ---- to the earth by a blow from a club.

4. To ---- often is to be expected in learning to skate.

5. ----ing down is a small matter to the young.

6. He has often ---- from the roof of the porch.

7. After he ---- once, he seemed to try to do so again.

8. I did not see him----.

9. Not a shot is fired but a bird ----.

10. Let the tree be ---- across the road.

11. It is hard to avoid ----ing on the ice.

AWAKE AND WAKE

1. Have them ---- me very early.

2. He went upstairs and ---- his brother.

3. His brother did not wish to be ---- so early.

4. This morning I ---- at dawn.

5. It is unpleasant to ---- so early.

6. You say that you have never ---- after nine?

7. Who ---- so early, this morning?

8. He would not say who ---- him.

9. ----ing in the dead of night is unpleasant.

10. ----ing everybody up by their noise is an every night occurrence.

11. The sun ---- me early.

12. The whole country-side seemed to ---- at once.

13. He had himself ---- at six o'clock.

58. MODE. Mode is that form of the verb which indicates the manner in which the action or state is to be regarded. There are several modes in English, but only between the indicative and subjunctive modes is the distinction important. Generally speaking, the INDICATIVE MODE is used when the statement is regarded as a fact or as truth, and the SUBJUNCTIVE MODE is used when the statement expresses uncertainty or implies some degree of doubt.

59. FORMS OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE. The places in which the subjunctive differs from the indicative are in the present and past tenses of the verb _be_, and in the present tense of active verbs. The following outline will show the difference between the indicative and the subjunctive of _be_:

INDICATIVE PRESENT OF BE INDICATIVE PAST OF BE I am we are I was we were thou art you are thou wert or wast you were he (she, it) is they are he (she, it) was they were

SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT OF BE SUBJUNCTIVE PAST OF BE If I be If we be If I were If we were If thou be If you be If thou were If you were If he (she, it) be If they be If he (she, it) were If they were

_If_ is used only as an example of the conjunctions on which the subjunctive depends. Other conjunctions may be used, or the verb may precede the subject.

NOTE.--It will be noticed that _thou art_ and _thou wast_, etc., have been used in the second person singular. Strictly speaking, these are the proper forms to be used here, even though _you are_ and _you were_, etc., are customarily used in addressing a single person.

In the subjunctive of _be_, it will be noted that the form _be_ is used throughout the present tense; and the form _were_ throughout the past tense.

In other verbs the subjunctive, instead of having the s-form in the third person singular of the present tense, has the name-form, or the same form as all the other forms of the present tense; as, indicative, _he runs, she sees, it seems, he has;_ subjunctive, _if he run, though she see, lest it seem, if he have_.

NOTE.--An examination of the model conjugations under --77 will give a further understanding of the forms of the subjunctive.

60. USE OF INDICATIVE AND SUBJUNCTIVE. The indicative mode would be properly used in the following sentence, when the statement is regarded as true: _If that evidence is true, then he is a criminal_.

Similarly: _If he is rich, he ought to be charitable_. Most directly declarative statements are put in the indicative mode.

But when the sense of the statement shows uncertainty in the speaker's mind, or shows that the condition stated is regarded as contrary to fact or as untrue, the subjunctive is used. Note the two sentences following, in which the conditions are properly in the subjunctive: _If those statements be true, then all statements are true, Were I rich, I might be charitable_.

The subjunctive is usually preceded by the conjunctions, _if, though, lest, although_, or the verb precedes the subject. But it must be borne in mind that these do not always indicate the subjunctive mode. THE USE OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE DEPENDS ON WHETHER THE CONDITION IS REGARDED AS A FACT OR AS CONTRARY TO FACT, CERTAIN OR UNCERTAIN.

It should be added that the subjunctive is perhaps going out of use; some of the best writers no longer use its forms. This pa.s.sing of the subjunctive is to be regretted and to be discouraged, since its forms give opportunity for many fine shades of meaning.

EXERCISE 37

_Write five sentences which ill.u.s.trate the correct use of BE in the third person singular without an auxiliary, and five which ill.u.s.trate the correct use of WERE in the third person singular._

EXERCISE 38

_Choose the preferable form in the following sentences, and be able to give a definite reason for your choice. In some of the sentences either form may be used correctly:_

1. He acts as if it _were was_ possible always to escape death.

2. If it _was were_ near enough, I should walk.

3. If I _was were_ only wealthy!

4. If I _were was_ in his place, I should study medicine.

5. If you _are be_ right, then the book is wrong.

6. If he _was were_ I, he would come.

7. Though he _was were_ very economical, he remained poor.

8. Though she _was were_ an angel, I should dislike her.