Nine Parts of Desire Part 10

Hanafi: One cf the main schools of Sunni religious thought. One cf the main schools of Sunni religious thought.

Hanbali: The strictest of the four main schools of Islamic thought. The strictest of the four main schools of Islamic thought.

Haram: Religiously forbidden. It is necessary to abstain from that which is haram. If one performs a haram act, one will be punished by the Islamic court, or in the hereafter, or both. Religiously forbidden. It is necessary to abstain from that which is haram. If one performs a haram act, one will be punished by the Islamic court, or in the hereafter, or both.

Harem: The private quarters of a house, or the women's rooms. Also the women of a family. The private quarters of a house, or the women's rooms. Also the women of a family.

Hezbollah: Literally, the Party of G.o.d. The political/religious group a.s.sociated with Khomeini. Influential among Lebanese Shiites. Literally, the Party of G.o.d. The political/religious group a.s.sociated with Khomeini. Influential among Lebanese Shiites.

Hijab: Literally, a curtain. Generally, any women's dress that follows Islamic principles. Literally, a curtain. Generally, any women's dress that follows Islamic principles.

Hijrah: The flight of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina on July 16, in the year 622 of the Christian calendar. The date from which the Muslim calendar begins. The flight of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina on July 16, in the year 622 of the Christian calendar. The date from which the Muslim calendar begins.

Husseiniya: A Shiite center for study and prayer. A Shiite center for study and prayer.

Imam: Leader of community prayers. Also, among Shiites, the first twelve leaders of their community were given the t.i.tle. Many Iranians revived the t.i.tle for Khomeini. Leader of community prayers. Also, among Shiites, the first twelve leaders of their community were given the t.i.tle. Many Iranians revived the t.i.tle for Khomeini.

Jalabiyya: A b.u.t.ton-through, neck-to-ankle coat worn by women, or a loose-fitting robe worn by men. A b.u.t.ton-through, neck-to-ankle coat worn by women, or a loose-fitting robe worn by men.

jihad: Holy effort, or struggle, or war to defend Islam. The closest English equivalent is crusade. Holy effort, or struggle, or war to defend Islam. The closest English equivalent is crusade.

Kaffiyah: A checked headdress, black-and-white or red-and-white, widely worn by men in parts of the Arab world but particularly a.s.sociated with Palestinians, for whom it has become something of a nationalist symbol. A checked headdress, black-and-white or red-and-white, widely worn by men in parts of the Arab world but particularly a.s.sociated with Palestinians, for whom it has become something of a nationalist symbol.

Kunya: The practice of naming a man or woman after a first-born son. A woman known as Umm Walid (mother of Walid) has an eldest son named Walid. The practice of naming a man or woman after a first-born son. A woman known as Umm Walid (mother of Walid) has an eldest son named Walid.

Kurd: A non-Arabic, mostly Muslim people who inhabit the mountainous region between Iraq, Iran, Syria, Turkey and the former Soviet Union. A non-Arabic, mostly Muslim people who inhabit the mountainous region between Iraq, Iran, Syria, Turkey and the former Soviet Union.

Maalimah: In Egypt, a woman skilled in folk music and dance who pa.s.ses her knowledge to others. In Egypt, a woman skilled in folk music and dance who pa.s.ses her knowledge to others.

Madra.s.sa: School. School.

Magneh: A cowl-like head covering worn, mostly in Iran, by women. A cowl-like head covering worn, mostly in Iran, by women.

Majlis: Gathering or council. Majlis-as-shura is a consultative council, the closest concept to parliament in Islamic teachings. Gathering or council. Majlis-as-shura is a consultative council, the closest concept to parliament in Islamic teachings.

Makruh: Religiously discouraged, disliked. If one does a makruh act, one won't be punished as for a haram act; but if one refrains from it, one will be rewarded. Religiously discouraged, disliked. If one does a makruh act, one won't be punished as for a haram act; but if one refrains from it, one will be rewarded.

Maliki: One of the major schools of Islamic thought. One of the major schools of Islamic thought.

Meuzzin: One who sings or chants the call to prayer. One who sings or chants the call to prayer.

Minaret: The spire of a mosque from which the meuzzin traditionally calls the faithful to prayer. In modern times, loudspeakers often broadcast recordings instead. The spire of a mosque from which the meuzzin traditionally calls the faithful to prayer. In modern times, loudspeakers often broadcast recordings instead.

Minbar: The pulpit in a mosque. The pulpit in a mosque.

Mosque: In Arabic, In Arabic, masjid. A masjid. A place of Muslim worship. It may be a simple room or a magnificent marble edifice. place of Muslim worship. It may be a simple room or a magnificent marble edifice.

Mujtahid: A religious scholar who is an authority on Islamic law and may advise others. A religious scholar who is an authority on Islamic law and may advise others.

Mullah: A clergyman or religious leader. A clergyman or religious leader.

Muslim: Literally, one who submits to G.o.d's will and laws. Literally, one who submits to G.o.d's will and laws.

Mutawain: Saudi Arabia's religious police. Saudi Arabia's religious police.

Muwazzaf: A government bureaucrat. A government bureaucrat.

Niqab: A veil worn by women that completely covers the face. A veil worn by women that completely covers the face.

Roosarie: An Iranian name for a head scarf. An Iranian name for a head scarf.

Salwar Kameez: A calf-length tunic worn over pants. A calf-length tunic worn over pants.

Sharia: Islamic law. Literally, the road to the water hole. Islamic law. Literally, the road to the water hole.

Shayla: An Arabic word for head scarf. An Arabic word for head scarf.

Shehada: The first pillar of the Islamic religion. Literally, profession of faith: "I testify there is no G.o.d but G.o.d and Muhammad is the messenger of G.o.d." The first pillar of the Islamic religion. Literally, profession of faith: "I testify there is no G.o.d but G.o.d and Muhammad is the messenger of G.o.d."

Shiite: Adherent to the Islamic faction that arose in the seventh century in a split over who should be caliph, or successor, to Muhammad. The Shiat, or partisans, of Ali ibn Abu Taleb, Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, believed that Ali was the legitimate successor and that the leadership should stay with Muhammad's descendants. The number of Shiites worldwide is estimated at around ninety million, or some 9 percent of all Muslims. They are the overwhelming majority in Iran and a slight majority in Iraq, Dubai and Bahrain. Elsewhere, such as Lebanon and Saudi Arabia, they have traditionally been a disadvantaged minority. Adherent to the Islamic faction that arose in the seventh century in a split over who should be caliph, or successor, to Muhammad. The Shiat, or partisans, of Ali ibn Abu Taleb, Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, believed that Ali was the legitimate successor and that the leadership should stay with Muhammad's descendants. The number of Shiites worldwide is estimated at around ninety million, or some 9 percent of all Muslims. They are the overwhelming majority in Iran and a slight majority in Iraq, Dubai and Bahrain. Elsewhere, such as Lebanon and Saudi Arabia, they have traditionally been a disadvantaged minority.

Sigheh: A temporary marriage recognized by Shiites. A temporary marriage recognized by Shiites.

Sunnah: The traditions of the Prophet Muhammad. Those things he did himself, or approved of by him, or that were done in his presence without earning his disapproval. The traditions of the Prophet Muhammad. Those things he did himself, or approved of by him, or that were done in his presence without earning his disapproval.

Sunnat: Recommended, desirable, in keeping with Muhammad's traditions. One will not be punished for neglecting to do sunnat acts, but will be rewarded for doing them. Recommended, desirable, in keeping with Muhammad's traditions. One will not be punished for neglecting to do sunnat acts, but will be rewarded for doing them.

Sunni: An orthodox Muslim. Literally, one who follows Muhammad's tradition. An orthodox Muslim. Literally, one who follows Muhammad's tradition.

Talaq: Divorce by repudiation. The husband merely repeats the words Divorce by repudiation. The husband merely repeats the words "I "I divorce you" three times. divorce you" three times.

Thobe: The long robe, usually made of white cotton, worn by the men of the Arabian peninsula. The long robe, usually made of white cotton, worn by the men of the Arabian peninsula.

Ulema: A body of religious scholars who interpret Islamic law for the community. A body of religious scholars who interpret Islamic law for the community.

Umm: Mother. Mother.

Ummah: The worldwide Islamic community. The worldwide Islamic community.

Wahabi: Puritanical, ultraconservative movement founded in the 1740s in what is now Saudi Arabia by a preacher named Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahab. Women under Wahabism are denied many rights considered due to them according to more orthodox readings of the Koran and hadith. Backed by Saudi oil wealth, Wahabi teachings are increasingly influential throughout the Islamic world. Puritanical, ultraconservative movement founded in the 1740s in what is now Saudi Arabia by a preacher named Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahab. Women under Wahabism are denied many rights considered due to them according to more orthodox readings of the Koran and hadith. Backed by Saudi oil wealth, Wahabi teachings are increasingly influential throughout the Islamic world.

Wajib: A religiously obligatory act. One will be punished in the afterlife for neglecting a wajib act such as daily prayer or annual alms-giving. A religiously obligatory act. One will be punished in the afterlife for neglecting a wajib act such as daily prayer or annual alms-giving.

Zakkat: Compulsory giving of charity to the poor. One of the five pillars of the Islamic faith, all Muslims are required to give a percentage of their wealth each year, usually calculated on net worth rather than annual income. Compulsory giving of charity to the poor. One of the five pillars of the Islamic faith, all Muslims are required to give a percentage of their wealth each year, usually calculated on net worth rather than annual income.

SELECT B BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Abbott, Nabia. Aishah the Beloved of Mohammed. Aishah the Beloved of Mohammed. London: Al Saqi Books, 1985. London: Al Saqi Books, 1985.

Ahmed, Leila. Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate. Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992.

Akhtar, Shabbir. Be Careful with Muhammad! The Salman Rushdie Affair. Be Careful with Muhammad! The Salman Rushdie Affair. London: Bellew Publishing, 1989. London: Bellew Publishing, 1989.

Alireza, Marianne. At the Drop of a Veil: The True Story of a California Girl's Years in an Arabian Harem. At the Drop of a Veil: The True Story of a California Girl's Years in an Arabian Harem. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1971. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1971.

Aloskooee, M. H. A. Alehghaghi. Letter from the Shiites. Letter from the Shiites. San Rafael: Islamic Foundation, 1983. San Rafael: Islamic Foundation, 1983.

Amini, Ibrahim. Principles of Marriage and Family Ethics. Principles of Marriage and Family Ethics. Tehran: Islamic Propagation Organization, 1988. Tehran: Islamic Propagation Organization, 1988.

Amos, Deborah. Lines in the Sand: Desert Storm and the Remaking of the Arab World. Lines in the Sand: Desert Storm and the Remaking of the Arab World. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.

Armstrong, Karen. Muhammad: A Western Attempt to Understand Islam. Muhammad: A Western Attempt to Understand Islam. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd., 1991. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd., 1991.

Badran, Margot, and Miriam Cooke, eds. Opening the Gates: A Century of Arab Feminist Writing. Opening the Gates: A Century of Arab Feminist Writing. London: Virago, 1990. London: Virago, 1990.

Bani-Sadr, Abol Ha.s.san. My Turn to Speak: Iran, the Revolution & Secret Deals with the U.S. My Turn to Speak: Iran, the Revolution & Secret Deals with the U.S. Washington, D.C.: Bra.s.sey's, 1991. Washington, D.C.: Bra.s.sey's, 1991.

Bashier, Zakaria. Sunshine at Medina: Studies in the Life of the Prophet Muhammad. Sunshine at Medina: Studies in the Life of the Prophet Muhammad. Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, 1990. Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, 1990.

Campbell, Dugald. On the Trail of the Veiled Tuareg. On the Trail of the Veiled Tuareg. London: Seeley, Service & Co., 1928. London: Seeley, Service & Co., 1928.

Connolly, Clara. "Washing Our Linen: One Year of Women Against Fundamentalism." Feminist Review Feminist Review 37 (Spring 1991). 37 (Spring 1991).

Esposito, John L. Islam: The Straight Path. Islam: The Straight Path. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.

Farmaian, Sattareh Farman. Daughter of Persia: A Woman's Journey from Her Father's Harem Through the Islamic Revolution. Daughter of Persia: A Woman's Journey from Her Father's Harem Through the Islamic Revolution. New York: Crown, 1992. New York: Crown, 1992.

Fernea, Elizabeth Warnock, and Basima Gattan Bezirgan, eds. Middle Eastern Muslim Women Speak. Middle Eastern Muslim Women Speak. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990.

French, Marilyn. The War Against Women. The War Against Women. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1992. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1992.

Givechian, Fatemeh. "Cultural Changes in Male-Female Relations." The Iranian journal of International Affairs. The Iranian journal of International Affairs. 3, no. 3 (Fall 1991). 3, no. 3 (Fall 1991).

Holton, Patricia. Mother Without a Mask: A Westerner's Story of Her Arab Family. Mother Without a Mask: A Westerner's Story of Her Arab Family. London: Kyle Cathie Ltd., 1991. London: Kyle Cathie Ltd., 1991.

Kabbani, Rana. Letter to Christendom. Letter to Christendom. London: Virago, 1989. London: Virago, 1989.

Lacey, Robert. The Kingdom. The Kingdom. London: Fontana, 1982. London: Fontana, 1982.

Lewis, Bernard. The Political Language of Islam. The Political Language of Islam. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.

Mabro, Judy, ed. Veiled Half-Truths: Western Travellers' Perceptions of Middle Eastern Women. Veiled Half-Truths: Western Travellers' Perceptions of Middle Eastern Women. London: I.B. Tauris & Co., 1991. London: I.B. Tauris & Co., 1991.

Macleod, Arlene Elowe. Accommodating Protest: Working Women, the New Veiling, and Change in Cairo. Accommodating Protest: Working Women, the New Veiling, and Change in Cairo. New York: Columbia University Press, 1991. New York: Columbia University Press, 1991.

Mahfouz, Naguib. Palace Walk. Palace Walk. London: Doubleday, 1991. London: Doubleday, 1991.

Mahmoody, Betty. Not Without My Daughter. Not Without My Daughter. London: Corgi, 1987. London: Corgi, 1987.

Mernissi, Fatima. Beyond the Veil: Male-Female Dynamics in Muslim Society. Beyond the Veil: Male-Female Dynamics in Muslim Society. London: Al Saqi Books, 1985. London: Al Saqi Books, 1985.

Mernissi, Fatima. Women and Islam: An Historical and Theological Enquiry. Women and Islam: An Historical and Theological Enquiry. Oxford: Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1992.

Minai, Naila. Women in Islam: Tradition and Transition in the Middle East. Women in Islam: Tradition and Transition in the Middle East. London: John Murray, 1981. London: John Murray, 1981.

Minnesota Lawyers International Human Rights Committee. "Shame in the House of Saud: Contempt for Human Rights in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia." Minneapolis, 1992.

Mohammad, Abdel Ghany A. Wives of Mohammad the Prophet and Wisdom of Polygamy. Wives of Mohammad the Prophet and Wisdom of Polygamy. Cairo: Madbuli Bookshop, 1984. Cairo: Madbuli Bookshop, 1984.

Muhawesh, Odeh A. Fatima the Gracious. Fatima the Gracious. Gum: Anssarian Publications, 1990. Gum: Anssarian Publications, 1990.

Mutahhari, Murtada. The Rights of Women in Islam. The Rights of Women in Islam. Tehran: World Organization for Islamic Services, 1981. Tehran: World Organization for Islamic Services, 1981.

Naipaul, V. S. Among the Believers: An Islamic Journey. Among the Believers: An Islamic Journey. London: Penguin, 1981. London: Penguin, 1981.

Pickthall, Mohammed Marmaduke. The Meaning of the Glorious Koran. The Meaning of the Glorious Koran. New York: New American Library Mentor Books, 1953. New York: New American Library Mentor Books, 1953.

Rahnavard, Zahra. The Message of Hijab. The Message of Hijab. London: Al Hoda Publishers, 1990. London: Al Hoda Publishers, 1990.

Rizvi, Sayyid Muhammad. Marriage & Morals in Islam. Marriage & Morals in Islam. Vancouver: Vancouver Islamic Educational Foundation, 1990. Vancouver: Vancouver Islamic Educational Foundation, 1990.

Sadat, Jihan. A Woman of Egypt. A Woman of Egypt. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987.

Sahebjani, Freidoune. The Stoning of Soraya M. The Stoning of Soraya M. New York: Arcade, 1994. New York: Arcade, 1994.

Sale, George, trans. The Koran. The Koran. London: Frederick Warne. London: Frederick Warne.

Shaarawi, Huda. Harem Years: The Memoirs of an Egyptian Feminist (18791924). Harem Years: The Memoirs of an Egyptian Feminist (18791924). New York: The Feminist Press, 1987. New York: The Feminist Press, 1987.

al-Shaykh, Hanan. The Story of Zahra. The Story of Zahra. London: Guartet, 1986. London: Guartet, 1986.

Steegmuller, Francis, trans, and ed. Flaubert in Egypt: A Sensibility on Tour. Flaubert in Egypt: A Sensibility on Tour. London: Michael Haag Ltd., 1983. London: Michael Haag Ltd., 1983.

Tucker, Judith E., ed. Arab Women: Old Boundaries, New Frontiers. Arab Women: Old Boundaries, New Frontiers. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993.

Women's Society of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Articles and Speeches Delivered at the First International Congress on Woman and World Islamic Revolution. February 1989.