Mohammedanism Part 1

Mohammedanism.

by C. Snouck Hurgronje.

ANNOUNCEMENT.

The American Lectures on the History of Religions are delivered under the auspices of the American Committee for Lectures on the History of Religions. This Committee was organized in 1892, for the purpose of inst.i.tuting "popular courses in the History of Religions, somewhat after the style of the Hibbert Lectures in England, to be delivered by the best scholars of Europe and this country, in various cities, such as Baltimore, Boston, Brooklyn, Chicago, New York, Philadelphia."

The terms of a.s.sociation under which the Committee exists are as follows:

1.--The object of this Committee shall be to provide courses of lectures on the history of religions, to be delivered in various cities.

2.--The Committee shall be composed of delegates from the inst.i.tutions agreeing to co-operate, with such additional members as may be chosen by these delegates.

3.--These delegates--one from each inst.i.tution, with the additional members selected--shall const.i.tute themselves a council under the name of the "American Committee for Lectures on the History of Religions."

4.--The Committee shall elect out of its number a Chairman, a Secretary, and a Treasurer.

5.--All matters of local detail shall be left to the co-operating inst.i.tutions under whose auspices the lectures are to be delivered.

6.--A course of lectures on some religion, or phase of religion, from an historical point of view, or on a subject germane to the study of religions, shall be delivered annually, or at such intervals as may be found practicable, in the different cities represented by this Committee.

7.--The Committee (a) shall be charged with the selection of the lectures, (b) shall have charge of the funds, (c) shall a.s.sign the time for the lectures in each city, and perform such other functions as may be necessary.

8.--Polemical subjects, as well as polemics in the treatment of subjects, shall be positively excluded.

9.--The lectures shall be delivered in the various cities between the months of September and June.

10.--The copyright of the lectures shall be the property of the Committee.

11.--The compensation of the lecturer shall be fixed in each case by the Committee.

12.--The lecturer shall be paid in installments after each course, until he shall have received half of the entire compensation. Of the remaining half, one half shall be paid to him upon delivery of the ma.n.u.script, properly prepared for the press, and the second half on the publication of the volume, less a deduction for corrections made by the author in the proofs.

The Committee as now const.i.tuted is as follows: Prof. Crawford H. Toy, Chairman, 7 Lowell St., Cambridge, Ma.s.s.; Rev. Dr. John P. Peters, Treasurer, 227 W. 99th St., New York City; Prof. Morris Jastrow, Jr., Secretary, 248 So. 23d St., Philadelphia, Pa.; President Francis Brown, Union Theological Seminary, New York City; Prof. Richard Gottheil, Columbia University, New York City; Prof. Harry Pratt Judson, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.; Prof. Paul Haupt, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.; Mr. Charles D. Atkins, Director, Brooklyn Inst.i.tute of Arts and Sciences; Prof. E.W. Hopkins, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.; Prof. Edward Knox Mitch.e.l.l, Hartford Theological Seminary, Hartford, Conn.; President F.K.

Sanders, Washburn College, Topeka, Kan.; Prof. H.P. Smith, Meadville Theological Seminary, Meadville, Pa.; Prof. W.J. Hinke, Auburn Theological Seminary, Auburn, N.Y.; Prof. Kemper Fullerton, Oberlin Theological Seminary, Oberlin, N.Y.

The lecturers in the course of American Lectures on the History of Religions and the t.i.tles of their volumes are as follows:

1894-1895--Prof. T.W. Rhys-Davids, Ph.D.,--_Buddhism_.

1896-1897--Prof. Daniel G. Brinton, M.D., LL.D.--_Religions of Primitive Peoples_.

1897-1898--Rev. Prof. T.K. Cheyne, D.D.--_Jewish Religious Life after the Exile_.

1898-1899--Prof. Karl Budde, D.D.--_Religion of Israel to the Exile_.

1904-1905--Prof. George Steindorff, Ph.D.--_The Religion of the Ancient Egyptians_.

1905-1906--Prof. George W. Knox, D.D., LL.D.--_The Development of Religion in j.a.pan_.

1906-1907--Prof. Maurice Bloomfield, Ph.D., LL.D.--_The Religion of the Veda_.

1907-1908--Prof. A.V.W. Jackson, Ph.D., LL.D.--_The Religion of Persia_.[1]

1909-1910--Prof. Morris Jastrow, Jr., Ph.D.--_Aspects of Religious Belief and Practice in Babylonia and a.s.syria_.

1910-1911--Prof. J.J.M. DeGroot--_The Development of Religion in China_.

1911-1912--Prof. Franz c.u.mont.[2]--_Astrology and Religion among the Greeks and Romans_.

[Footnote 1: This course was not published by the Committee, but will form part of Prof. Jackson's volume on the Religion of Persia in the series of _Handbooks on the History of Religions_, edited by Prof. Morris Jastrow, Jr., and published by Messrs. Ginn & Company of Boston. Prof. Jastrow's volume is, therefore, the eighth in the series.]

[Footnote 2: Owing to special circ.u.mstances, Prof. c.u.mont's volume was published before that of Prof. DeGroot. It is, therefore, the ninth in the series and that of Prof. DeGroot the tenth.]

The lecturer for 1914 was Professor C. Snouck Hurgronje. Born in Oosterhout, Holland, in 1857, he studied Theology and Oriental Languages at the University of Leiden and continued his studies at the University of Stra.s.sburg. In 1880 he published his first important work _Het Mekkaansch Feest_, having resolved to devote himself entirely to the study of Mohammedanism in its widest aspects. After a few years' activity as Lecturer on Mohammedan Law at the Seminary for Netherlands-India in Leiden, he spent eight months (1884-5) in Mecca and Jidda. In 1888, he became lecturer at the University of Leiden and in the same year was sent out as Professor to Batavia in Netherlands-India, where he spent the years 1889-1906. Upon his return he was appointed Professor of Arabic at the University of Leiden. Among his princ.i.p.al published works may be mentioned: _Mekka_, The Hague, 1888-9; _De Beteekenis van den Islam voor zijne Belijders in Oost Inde_, Leiden, 1883; _Mekkanische Sprichworter_, The Hague, 1886; _De Atjehers_, Leiden, 1903-4, England tr. London, 1906; _Het Gajoland en zijne Bezvoners_, Batavia, 1903, and _Nederland en de Islam_, Leiden, 1915.

The lectures to be found in the present volume were delivered before the following Inst.i.tutions: Columbia University, Yale University, The University of Pennsylvania, Meadville Theological Seminary, The University of Chicago, The Lowell Inst.i.tute, and the Johns Hopkins University.

The Committee owes a debt of deep grat.i.tude to Mr. Charles R. Crane for having made possible the course of lectures for the year 1914.

RICHARD GOTTHEIL

CRAWFORD H. TOY

_Committee on Publication_.

April, 1916.

Mohammedanism

I

SOME POINTS CONCERNING THE ORIGIN OF ISLaM

There are more than two hundred million people who call themselves after the name of Mohammed, would not relinquish that name at any price, and cannot imagine a greater blessing for the remainder of humanity than to be incorporated into their communion. Their ideal is no less than that the whole earth should join in the faith that there is no G.o.d but Allah and that Mohammed is Allah's last and most perfect messenger, who brought the latest and final revelation of Allah to humanity in Allah's own words. This alone is enough to claim our special interest for the Prophet, who in the seventh century stirred all Arabia into agitation and whose followers soon after his death founded an empire extending from Morocco to China.

Even those who--to my mind, not without gross exaggeration--would seek the explanation of the mighty stream of humanity poured out by the Arabian peninsula since 630 over Western and Middle Asia, Northern Africa, and Southern Europe princ.i.p.ally in geographic and economic causes, do not ignore the fact that it was Mohammed who opened the sluice gates. It would indeed be difficult to maintain that without his preaching the Arabs of the seventh century would have been induced by circ.u.mstances to swallow up the empire of the Sasanids and to rob the Byzantine Empire of some of its richest provinces. However great a weight one may give to political and economic factors, it was religion, Islam, which in a certain sense united the hitherto hopelessly divided Arabs, Islam which enabled them to found an enormous international community; it was Islam which bound the speedily converted nations together even after the shattering of its political power, and which still binds them today when only a miserable remnant of that power remains.

The aggressive manner in which young Islam immediately put itself in opposition to the rest of the world had the natural consequence of awakening an interest which was far from being of a friendly nature.

Moreover men were still very far from such a striving towards universal peace as would have induced a patient study of the means of bringing the different peoples into close spiritual relationship, and therefore from an endeavour to understand the spiritual life of races different to their own.

The Christianity of that time was itself by no means averse to the forcible extension of its faith, and in the community of Mohammedans which systematically attempted to reduce the world to its authority by force of arms, it saw only an enemy whose annihilation was, to its regret, beyond its power. Such an enemy it could no more observe impartially than one modern nation can another upon which it considers it necessary to make war.

Everything maintained or invented to the disadvantage of Islam was greedily absorbed by Europe; the picture which our forefathers in the Middle Ages formed of Mohammed's religion appears to us a malignant caricature. The rare theologians[1] who, before attacking the false faith, tried to form a clear notion of it, were not listened to, and their merits have only become appreciated in our own time. A vigorous combating of the prevalent fictions concerning Islam would have exposed a scholar to a similar treatment to that which, fifteen years ago, fell to the lot of any Englishman who maintained the cause of the Boers; he would have been as much of an outcast as a modern inhabitant of Mecca who tried to convince his compatriots of the virtues of European policy and social order.

[Footnote 1: See for instance the reference to the exposition of the Paderborn bishop Olivers (1227) in the Paderborn review _Theologie und Glaube_, Jahrg. iv., p. 535, etc. (_Islam_, iv., p. 186); also some of the accounts mentioned in Guterbock, _Der Islam im Lichte der byzantinischen Polemik_, etc.]