Man, Past and Present Part 61

[1229] Livi's results for Italy (_Antropometria Militare_) differ in some respects from those of de Lapouge and Ammon for France and Baden.

Thus he finds that in the brachy districts the urban population is less brachy than the rural, while in the dolicho districts the towns are more brachy than the plains.

[1230] Dealing with some studies of the Lithuanian race, Deniker writes: "Ainsi donc, contrairement aux idees de MM. de Lapouge et Ammon, en Pologne, comme d'ailleurs en Italie, les cla.s.ses les plus instruites, dirigeantes, urbaines, sont plus brachy que les paysans"

(_L'Anthropologie_, 1896, p. 351). Similar contradictions occur in connection with light and dark hair, eyes, etc.

[1231] "E qui non posso tralasciare di avvertire un errore a.s.sai diffuso fra gli antropologi ... i quali vorrebbero ammettere una trasformazione del cranio da dolicocefalo in brachicefalo" (_Arii e Italici_, p. 155).

[1232] W. Z. Ripley's _The Races of Europe_, 1900, p. 544 ff.

[1233] This specialist insists "da.s.s von einer mongolischen Einwanderung in Europa keine Rede mehr sein konne" (_Der europaische Mensch. u. die Tiroler_, 1896). He is of course speaking of prehistoric times, not of the late (historical) Mongol irruptions. Cf. T. Peisker, "The Expansion of the Slavs," _Camb. Med. Hist._ Vol. II. 1913, p. 452, with reference to mongoloid traits in Bavaria.

[1234] "Malgre les nombreuses invasions des populations germaniques, le Tyrolien est reste, quant a sa conformation cranienne, le Rasene ou Rhaetien des temps antiques--hyperbrachycephale" (_Les Aryens_, p. 7).

The mean index of the so-called Disentis type of Rhaetian skulls is about 86 (His and Rutimeyer, _Crania Helvetica_, p. 29 and Plate E. 1).

[1235] "The Tyrrhenians in Greece and Italy," in _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._ 1897, p. 258. In this splendidly ill.u.s.trated paper the date of the immigration is referred to the 11th century B.C. on the ground that the first Etruscan saeculum was considered as beginning about 1050 B.C., presumably the date of their arrival in Italy (p. 259). But Sergi thinks they did not arrive till about the end of the 8th century (_Arii e Italici_, p. 149).

[1236] See R. S. Conway, Art. Etruria: Language, _Ency. Brit._ 1911.

[1237] _Op. cit._ p. 151. By German he means the round-headed South German.

[1238] S. Feist, _Kultur, Ausbreitung und Herkunft der Indogermanen_, 1913, p. 370.

[1239] S. Feist, _loc. cit._ p. 65. For cultural and linguistic influence of Celts on Germans see pp. 480 ff. Evidence of Celtic names in Germany is discussed by H. M. Chadwick "Some German River names,"

_Essays and Studies presented to William Ridgeway_, 1913.

[1240] H. d'Arbois de Jubainville, _Les Celtes depuis les Temps les plus anciens jusqu'en l'an 100 avant notre ere_, 1904, p. 1.

[1241] G. Dottin, _Manuel pour servir a l'etude de l'Antiquite Celtique_, 1915, p. 1.

[1242] T. Rice Holmes, Caesar's _Conquest of Gaul_, 1911, p. 321. W. Z.

Ripley, _The Races of Europe_, 1900, reviewing the "_Celtic Question_, than which no greater stumbling-block in the way of our clear thinking exists" (p. 124) comes to a different conclusion. He states that "the term _Celt_, if used at all, belongs to the ... brachycephalic, darkish population of the Alpine highlands," and he claims for this view "complete unanimity of opinion among physical anthropologists" (p. 126).

His own view however is that "the linguists are best ent.i.tled to the name _Celt_" while the broad-headed type commonly called Celtic by continental writers "we shall ... everywhere ... call ... Alpine" (p.

128).

[1243] Cf. the similar dual treatment in Italic.

[1244] "No Gael [_i.e._ Q Celt] ever set his foot on British soil save on a vessel that had put out from Ireland." Kuno Meyer, _Trans. Hon.

Soc. Cymmrodorion_, 1895-6, p. 69.

[1245] _Ancient Britain_, 1907, pp. 409-424.

[1246] _Das keltische Britannien_, 1912, pp. 28-37.

[1247] J. Rhys, _The Welsh People_, 1902, pp. 13-14.

[1248] _Das keltische Britannien_, 1912, pp. 28-37.

[1249] _Ancient Britain_, 1907, p. 414. The name of the Picts is apparently Indo-European in form, and if the Celts were late comers into Britain (see above) they may well have been preceded by invaders of Indo-European speech.

[1250] T. Rice Holmes, _Ancient Britain_, 1907, p. 408. Cf. A. Keith, "The Bronze Age Invaders of Britain," _Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst._ XLV.

1915.

[1251] Quoted in T. Rice Holmes, _Ancient Britain_, 1907, pp. 426-427.

[1252] T. Rice Holmes, _Ancient Britain_, 1907, p. 443. See also John Abercromby, _A Study of the Bronze Age Pottery of Great Britain and Ireland and its a.s.sociated Grave Goods_, 1912, tracing the distribution and migration of pottery forms: and the following papers of H. J.

Fleure, "Archaeological Problems of the West Coast of Britain,"

_Archaeologia Cambrensis_, Oct. 1915; "The Early Distribution of Population in South Britain," _ib._ April, 1916; "The Geographical Distribution of Anthropological Types in Wales," _Journ. Roy. Anthr.

Inst._ XLVI. 1916, and "A Proposal for Local Surveys of the British People," _Arch. Camb._ Jan. 1917.

[1253] W. Z. Ripley, _The Races of Europe_, 1900, p. 310; T. Rice Holmes, _Ancient Britain_, 1907, p. 432.

[1254] G. Coffey and R. Lloyd Praeger, "The Antrim Raised Beach: a Contribution to the Neolithic History of the North of Ireland," _Proc.

Roy. Irish Acad._ XXV. (c.) 1904. See also the valuable series of "Reports on Prehistoric Remains from the Sandhills of the Coast of Ireland," _P. R. I. A._ XVI.

[1255] _Man_, IX. 1909, NO. 54.

[1256] _Proc. Roy. Irish Acad._ (3), III. 1896, p. 727.

[1257] Cf. also J. Wilfred Jackson, "The Geographical Distribution of the Sh.e.l.l-Purple Industry," _Mem. and Proc. Manchester Lit. and Phil.

Soc._ LX. No. 7, 1916.

[1258] _Survivals from the Palaeolithic Age among Irish Neolithic Implements_, 1897.

[1259] _The Dolmens of Ireland_, 1897.

[1260] They need not, however, have come from Britain, and the allusions in Irish literature to direct immigration from Spain, probable enough in itself, are too numerous to be disregarded. Thus, Geoffrey of Monmouth:--"Hibernia Basclensibus [to the Basques] incolenda datur"

(_Hist. Reg. Brit._ III. -- 12); and Giraldus Cambrensis:--"De Gurguntio Brytonum Rege, qui Rasclenses [read Basclenses] in Hiberniam transmisit et eandem ipsis habitandam concessit." I am indebted to Wentworth Webster for these references (_Academy_, Oct. 19, 1895).

[1261] H. Zimmer, "Auf welchen Wege kamen die Goidelen vom Kontinent nach Irland?" _Abh. d. K. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss._ 1912.

[1262] J. Gray, "Memoir on the Pigmentation Survey of Scotland," _Journ.

Roy. Anthr. Inst._ x.x.xVII. 1907.

[1263] "A Last Contribution to Scottish Ethnology," _Journ. Roy. Anthr.

Inst._ x.x.xVIII. 1908.

[1264] "The Geographical Distribution of Anthropological Types in Wales," _Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst._ XLVI. 1916.

[1265] For the explanation see W. Z. Ripley, _The Races of Europe_, 1900, p. 322 ff.

[1266] W. Z. Ripley, _loc. cit._ p. 329.

[1267] "The Frenchman, the German, the Italian, the Englishman, to each of whom his own literature and the great traditions of his national life are most dear and familiar, cannot help but feel that the vernacular in which these are embodied and expressed is, and must be, superior to the alien and awkward languages of his neighbours." L. Pearsall Smith, _The English Language_, p. 54.

[1268] See above p. 455. T. Rice Holmes points out that the Aquitani were already mixed in type. _Caesar's Conquest of Gaul_, 1911, p. 12.

[1269] See above p. 454.

[1270] That is, the languages whose affirmatives were the Latin p.r.o.nouns _hoc illud_ (_oil_) and _hoc_ (_oc_), the former being more contracted, the latter more expanded, as we see in the very names of the respective Northern and Southern bards: _Trouveres_ and _Troubadours_. It was customary in medieval times to name languages in this way, Dante, for instance, calling Italian _la lingua del si_, "the language of _yes_"; and, strange to say, the same usage prevails largely amongst the Australian aborigines, who, however, use both the affirmative and the negative particles, so that we have here _no_- as well as _yes_-tribes.