Man, Past and Present Part 53

[1035] S. Feist, _Kultur, Ausbreitung und Herkunft der Indogermanen_, 1913, p. 385.

[1036] "The attempts to connect the language with the Indo-European family have been unsuccessful," A. H. Sayce, Art. "Lycia," _Ency. Brit._ 1911. But cf. also S. Feist, _loc. cit._ pp. 385-7; and Th. Kluge, _Die Lykier, ihre Geschichte und ihre Inschriften_, 1910.

[1037] A. J. Evans, _Scripta Minoa_, 1909.

[1038] T. Rice Holmes, _Caesar's Conquest of Gaul_, 1911, p. 289 _n._ 4.

[1039] _Die Verwandtschaft des Baskischen mit den Berbersprachen Nord-Afrikas nachgewiesen_, 1894.

[1040] "Die Sprachen waren mit einander verwandt, das stand ausser Zweifel." (Pref. IV.)

[1041] J. Vinson (_Rev. de linguistique_, x.x.xVIII. 1905, p. 111) says, "no more absurd book on Basque has appeared of late years." See T. Rice Holmes, _Caesar's Conquest of Gaul_, 1911, p. 299 _n._ 3.

[1042] "In the general series of organised linguistic families it [Basque] would take an intermediate place between the American on the one side and the Ugro-Altaic or Ugrian on the other." Wentworth Webster and Julien Vinson, _Ency. Brit._ 1910, "Basques."

[1043] See W. Z. Ripley, _The Races of Europe_, 1900, Chap. VIII. "The Basques," pp. 180-204.

[1044] _Rev. mensuelle de l'ecole d'Anthr._ X. 1900, pp. 225-7.

[1045] S. Feist, _Kultur, Ausbreitung und Herkunft der Indogermanen_, 1913.

[1046] _Hist. de la Gaule_, I. 1908, p. 271.

[1047] "La Race Basque," _L'Anthrop._ 1894.

[1048] W. Z. Ripley, _loc. cit._ p. 200.

[1049] _Caesar's Conquest of Gaul_, 1911, p. 287. Cf. J. Dechelette (_Manuel d'Archeologie prehistorique_, II. 1910, p. 27), "As a rule it is wise to attach to this expression (Iberian) merely a geographical value." Reviewing the problems of Iberian origins (which he considers remain unsolved), he quotes as an example of their range, the opinion of C. Jullian (_Revue des etudes Anciennes_, 1903, p. 383), "There is no Iberian race. The Iberians were a state const.i.tuted at latest towards the 6th century, in the valley of the Ebro, which received, either from strangers or from the indigenous peoples, the name of the river as _nom de guerre_."

[1050] J. Vinson (_Rev. de linguistique_, XL. 1907, pp. 5, 211) divides the Iberian inscriptions into three groups, each of which, he believes, represents a different language.

[1051] _The Mediterranean Race_, 1901.

[1052] _Dict. des sc. anthr._ p. 247, and _Rev. de l'ecole d'Anthr._ XVII. 1907, p. 365.

[1053] _Geschichte des Altertums_, I. 2, 1909, p. 723.

[1054] _Manuel d'Archeologie prehistorique_, II. 1910, p. 27 _n._, see also p. 22 for archaeological proofs of "ethnographic distinctions."

[1055] _Hist. de la Gaule_, I. Chap. IV. The author makes it clear, however, that his "Ligurians" are not necessarily an ethnic unit, "De l'unite de nom, ne concluons pas a l'unite de race" (119), and later (p.

120), "Ne considerons donc pas les Ligures comme les representants uniformes d'une race determinee. Ils sont la population qui habitait l'Europe occidentale avant les invasions connues des Celtes ou des etrusques, avant la naissance des peuples latin ou ibere. Ils ne sont pas autre chose."

[1056] _Gaule av. Gaulois_, p. 248.

[1057] _Loc. cit._ p. 23 _n._ I.

[1058] _Early Age of Greece_, 1901, p. 237 ff., and "Who were the Romans?" _Proc. Brit. Acad._ III. 19, 1908, p. 3.

[1059] See R. S. Conway, Art. "Liguria," _Ency. Brit._ 1911. It may be noted, however, as Feist points out (_Ausbreitung und Herkunft des Indogermanen_, 1913, p. 368), this hypothesis rests on slight foundations ("ruht auf schwachen Fuen").

[1060] _Arii e Italici_, p. 60.

[1061] _Corresbl. d. d. Ges. f. Anthrop._, Feb. 1898, p. 12.

[1062] Yet Ligurians are actually planted on the North Atlantic coast of Spain by S. Sempere y Miguel (_Revista de Ciencias Historicas_, I. v.

1887).

[1063] _Manuel d'Archeologie prehistorique_, II. 1910, p. 22.

[1064] _Caesar's Conquest of Gaul_, 1911, p. 287.

[1065] "La Civilisation Primitive dans la Sicilie Orientale," in _L'Anthropologie_, 1897, p. 130 sq.; and p. 295 sq.

[1066] _Praehistorische Studien aus Sicilien_, quoted by Patroni.

[1067] p. 130.

[1068] See p. 21.

[1069] It may be mentioned that while Penka makes the Siculi Illyrians from Upper Italy ("Zur Palaoethnologie Mittel-u. Sudeuropas," in _Wiener Anthrop. Ges._ 1897, p. 18), E. A. Freeman holds that they were not only Aryans, but closely akin to the Romans, speaking "an undeveloped Latin,"

or "something which did not differ more widely from Latin than one dialect of Greek differed from another" (_The History of Sicily_, etc., I. p. 488). On the Siculi and Sicani, see E. Meyer, _Geschichte des Altertums_, 1909, I. 2, p. 723, also Art. "Sicily, History," _Ency.

Brit._ 1911. Dechelette (_Manuel d'Archeologie prehistorique_, II. 1910, p. 17) suggests that Sikelos or Siculus, the eponymous hero of Sicily, may have been merely the personification of the typical Ligurian implement, the bronze _sickle_ (Lat. secula, sicula).

[1070] I. 22.

[1071] VI. 2.

[1072] _Parte I. Dati Antropologici ed Etnologici_, Rome, 1896.

[1073] p. 182.

[1074] _Atti Soc. Rom. d' Antrop._ 1896, pp. 179 and 201.

[1075] Cf. W. Z. Ripley, "Racial Geography of Europe," _Pop. Sci.

Monthly_, New York, 1897-9, and _The Races of Europe_, 1900, pp. 54, 175.

[1076] _Arii e Italici_, p. 188. Hence for these Italian Ligurians he claims the name of "Italici," which he refuses to extend to the Aryan intruders in the peninsula. "A questi primi abitatori spetta legittimamente il nome di Italici, non a popolazioni successive [Aryan Umbrians], che avrebbero sloggiato i primi abitanti" (p. 60). The result is a little confusing, "Italic" being now the accepted name of the Italian branch of the Aryan linguistic family, and also commonly applied to the Aryans of this Italic speech, although the word _Italia_ itself may have been indigenous (Ligurian) and not introduced by the Aryans. It would perhaps be better to regard "Italia" as a "geographical expression" applicable to all its inhabitants, whatever their origin or speech.

[1077] _Science Progress_, July, 1894. It will be noticed that the facts, accepted by all, are differently interpreted by Beddoe and Sergi, the latter taking the long-headed element in North Italy as the aboriginal (Ligurian), modified by the later intrusion of round-headed Aryan Slavs, Teutons, and especially Kelts, while Beddoe seems to regard the broad-headed Alpine as the original, afterwards modified by intrusive long-headed types "Germanic, Slavic, or of doubtful origin."

Either view would no doubt account for the present relations; but Sergi's study of the prehistoric remains (see above) seems to compel acceptance of his explanation. From the statistics an average height of not more than 5 ft. 4 in. results for the whole of Italy.

[1078] For the identification of the Mediterranean race in Greece with the Pelasgians, see W. Ridgeway, _Early Age of Greece_, I. 1901, though Ripley contends (_The Races of Europe_, 1900, p. 407), "Positively no anthropological data on the matter exist."

[1079] [Greek: To ton Pelasgon genos h.e.l.lenikon.]

[1080] I. 57.

[1081] _Il._ X. 429; _Od._ XIX. 177.