Man, Past and Present Part 41

[762] R. de la Gra.s.serie and N. Leon, _Langue Tarasque_, Paris, 1896.

[763] J. E. R. Polak, _Ipurina Grammar_, etc., London, 1894.

[764] _The Eskimo Tribes, their Distribution and Characteristics_, Copenhagen, 1887, I. p. 62 sq.

[765] In fact this very word was first given "as an ordinary example" by Kleinschmidt, _Gram. d. Gronlandischen Sprache_, Sect. 99, and is also quoted by Byrne, who translates: "They disapproved of him, because he did not give to him, when he heard that he would go off, because he had nothing" (_Principles_, etc., I. p. 140).

[766] "Indian Linguistic Families of America north of Mexico," _Seventh Ann. Rept. Bureau of Ethnology_, 1885-6 (1891). See also the "Handbook of American Indian Languages," Part I by Franz Boas and others, _Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 40_, 1911. The Introduction by F. Boas gives a good general idea of the characteristics of these languages and deals shortly with related problems.

[767] Following this ethnologist's convenient precedent, I use both in _Ethnology_ and here the final syllable _an_ to indicate stock races and languages in America. Thus _Algonquin_ = the particular tribe and language of that name; _Algonquian_ = the whole family; _Iroquois_, _Iroquoian_, _Carib_, _Cariban_, etc.

[768] _Forum_, Feb. 1898, p. 683.

[769] Studies of these languages by Kroeber and others will be found in _University of California Publications; American Archaeology and Ethnology_, L. 1903 onwards. Cf. also A. L. Kroeber, "The Languages of the American Indians," _Pop. Sci. Monthly_, LXXVIII. 1911.

[770] _Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst._ XL. 1910, p. 73.

[771] _Urbewohner Brasiliens_, 1897, p. 46.

[772] Karl v. d. Steinen, _Unter den Naturvolkern Zentral-Brasiliens_, 1894, p. 215.

[773] _Aborigines of South America_, 1912.

[774] _Loc. cit._ p. 75.

[775] _Indian Linguistic Families_, p. 141.

[776] "Whence came the American Indians?" _Forum_, Feb. 1898.

[777] J. Walter Fewkes, "Great Stone Monuments in History and Geography," _Pres. Add. Anthrop. Soc., Washington_, 1912.

[778] F. Graebner, _Anthropos_, IV. 1909, esp. pp. 1013-24. Cf. also his _Ethnologie_, 1914.

[779] W. Schmidt, "Kulturkreise und Kulturschichten in Sudamerika,"

_Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie_, Jg. 45, 1913, p. 1014 ff.

[780] _Loc. cit._ pp. 1020, 1021.

[781] _Ibid._ p. 1093; cf. also p. 1098 where the Peruvian sailing balsa is traced to Polynesia, sailing rafts being still used in the Eastern Paumotu islands.

[782] _Am. Anth._ XIV. 1912, pp. 34-6.

[783] _Loc. cit._ p. 39.

[784] _Loc. cit._ p. 43.

[785] G. Elliot Smith, _The Migrations of Early Culture_, 1915.

[786] G. Elliot Smith, "The Influence of Ancient Egyptian Civilization in the East and in America," _Bull. of the John Rylands Library_, Jany.--March, 1916, pp. 3, 4.

[787] Cf. W. J. Perry, "The Relationship between the Geographical Distribution of Megalithic Monuments and Ancient Mines," reprinted from _Manchester Memoirs_, Vol. LX. (1915), pt. 1.

[788] W. J. Perry, _Mem. and Proc. Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soc._ LX.

1916, No. 6.

[789] _Loc. cit._ No. 5.

[790] _Loc. cit._ No. 4.

[791] _Loc. cit._ No. 8.

[792] _Loc. cit._ No. 7.

[793] _Putnam Anniversary Volume_, 1909, p. 365.

[794] _Nature_, Nov. 25 and Dec. 16, 1915.

[795] H. H. Bancroft, _The Native Races of the Pacific States of North America_, 1875.

[796] E. B. Tylor, "On the game of Patolli in Ancient Mexico and its probably Asiatic origin," _Journ. Anthr. Inst._ VIII. 1878, p. 116.

_Rep. Brit. a.s.s._ 1894, p. 774.

[797] Zelia Nuttall, "The Fundamental Principles of Old and New World Civilisations," _Arch. and Eth. Papers, Peabody Mus. Cambridge, Ma.s.s._ II. 1901.

[798] J. Macmillan Brown, _Maori and Polynesian_, 1907.

[799] C. R. Enoch, _The Secret of the Pacific_, 1912.

[800] Livingston Farrand, _Basis of American History_, 1904, pp. 88-9.

[801] _7th Ann. Rep. Bur. Am. Eth. 1885-6_ (1891).

[802] "Primitive American History," _Am. Anth._ XVI. 1914, pp. 410-11.

[803] Roland B. Dixon, _Am. Anth._ XV. 1913, pp. 538-9.

[804] "Areas of American culture characterization tentatively outlined as an aid in the study of the Antiquities," _Am. Anth._ XVI. 1914, pp.

413-46.

[805] Clark Wissler, "Material Cultures of the North American Indians,"

_Am. Anth._ XVI. 1914, pp. 447-505.

[806] "The Central Eskimo," _6th Ann. Rep. Bur. Am. Eth. 1884-5_ (1888), p. 419.

[807] The name is said to come from the Abnaki _Esquimantsic_, or from _Ashkimeq_, the Ojibway equivalent, meaning "eaters of raw flesh." They call themselves Innuit, meaning "people."

[808] H. Rink, "The Eskimo Tribes, their Distribution and Characteristics," _Meddelelser om Gronland_, II. 1887.