Latin for Beginners Part 58

[Footnote 4: >. This is a so-called subjunctive by attraction, which means that the clause beginning with > stands in such close connection with the subjv. clause beginning with >, that its verb is attracted into the same mood.]

[Footnote 5: All these verbs are in the same construction.]

[Footnote 6: >, subj. of

>. For the order cf. >, etc., p. 215, l. 22, and note; >, p. 217, l. 8.]

[Footnote 7: >, abl. of means.]

[Footnote 8: >, --501.15.]

[Footnote 9: Between twelve and three o'clock in the morning. The night was divided into four watches.]

[Footnote 10: >, --501.15.]

[Footnote 11:

>, subj. acc. of >.]

[Footnote 12: >, _the n.o.blest of the captives_.]

[Footnote 13: The general's headquarters.]

[Footnote 14: Study carefully these direct questions, indirect questions, and indirect statements.]

[Footnote 15: See Plate III, p. 148.]

[Footnote 16: >, etc., _they say that they have not_, etc.

> is equivalent to >, and the negative modifies >, but not the remainder of the indirect statement.]

[Footnote 17: >, etc., _that they have always_, etc.]

[Footnote 18: >, _will you remain loyal?_]

LXXV. CIVIL WAR BREAKS OUT BETWEEN CaeSAR AND POMPEY THE BATTLE OF PHARSALIA

Ne confecto[1] quidem bello Gallico, [2]bellum civile inter Caesarem et Pompeium exortum est. Nam Pompeius, qui summum imperium petebat, senatui persuaserat ut Caesarem rei publicae hostem[3] iudicaret et exercitum eius dimitti iuberet. Quibus cognitis rebus Caesar exercitum suum dimittere recusavit, atque, hortatus milites ut ducem totiens victorem ab inimicorum iniuriis defenderent, imperavit ut se Romam sequerentur.

Summa c.u.m alacritate milites paruerunt, et transito Rubicone[4] initium belli civilis factum est.

Italiae urbes quidem omnes fere [5]rebus Caesaris favebant et eum benigne exceperunt. Qua re commotus Pompeius ante Caesaris adventum Roma excessit et Brundisium[6] pervenit, inde [7]paucis post diebus c.u.m omnibus copiis ad Epirum mare transiit. Eum Caesar c.u.m septem legionibus et quingentis equitibus secutus est, et insignis inter Caesaris comitatum erat Publius.

Pluribus levioribus proeliis factis, tandem copiae adversae ad Pharsalum[8] in Thessalia sitam castra posuerunt. c.u.m Pompei exercitus esset bis tantus quantus Caesaris, tamen erant multi qui veteranas legiones quae Gallos et Germanos superaverant vehementer timebant.

Quos[9] [10]ante proelium commissum Labienus[11] legatus, qui ab Caesare nuper defecerat, ita adlocutus est: "[12]Nolite existimare hunc esse exercitum veteranorum militum. Omnibus interfui proeliis[13] neque temere incognitam rem p.r.o.nuntio. Perexigua pars illius exercitus qui Gallos superavit adhuc superest. Magna pars occisa est, multi domum discesserunt, multi sunt relicti in Italia. Hae copiae quas videtis in [14]citeriore Gallia nuper conscriptae sunt." Haec[15] c.u.m dixisset, iuravit se nisi victorem in castra non reversurum esse. [16]Hoc idem Pompeius et omnes reliqui iuraverunt, et magna spe et laet.i.tia, sicut certam ad victoriam, copiae e castris exierunt.

Item Caesar, animo[17] ad dimicandum paratus, exercitum suum eduxit et septem cohortibus [18]praesidio castris relictis copias triplici acie instruxit. Tum, militibus studio pugnae ardentibus, tuba signum dedit.

Milites procurrerunt et pilis missis gladios strinxerunt. Neque vero virtus hostibus defuit. Nam et tela missa sustinuerunt et impetum gladiorum exceperunt et ordines conservaverunt. Utrimque diu et acriter pugnatum est nec quisquam pedem rettulit. Tum equites Pompei aciem Caesaris circ.u.mire conati sunt. Quod[19] ubi Caesar animadvert.i.t, tertiam aciem,[20] quae ad id tempus quieta fuerat, procurrere iussit.

Tum vero integrorum impetum[21] defessi hostes sustinere non potuerunt et omnes terga verterunt. Sed Pompeius de fortunis suis desperans se in castra equo contulit, inde mox c.u.m paucis equitibus effugit.

[Footnote 1: With > the emphatic word stands between the two.]

[Footnote 2: The Civil War was caused by the jealousy and rivalry between Caesar and Pompey. It resulted in the defeat and subsequent death of Pompey and the elevation of Caesar to the lordship of the Roman world.]

[Footnote 3: >, predicate accusative, --501.22.]

[Footnote 4: The Rubicon was a small stream in northern Italy that marked the boundary of Caesar's province. By crossing it with an armed force Caesar declared war upon Pompey and the existing government. Caesar crossed the Rubicon early in the year 49 B.C.]

[Footnote 5: >, _favored Caesar's side_. In what case is >?]

[Footnote 6:
>, a famous port in southern Italy whence ships sailed for Greece and the East. See map.]

[Footnote 7:

>, _a few days later_; literally, _afterguards by a few days_. Cf.

>, p. 213, l. 12, and note.]

[Footnote 8: The battle of Pharsalia was fought on August 9, 48 B.C.

In importance it ranks as one of the great battles of the world.]

[Footnote 9: >, obj. of

[Footnote 10:

[Footnote 11: >, Caesar's most faithful and skillful lieutenant in the Gallic War. On the outbreak of the Civil War, in 49 B.C., he deserted Caesar and joined Pompey. His defection caused the greatest joy among the Pompeian party; but he disappointed the expectations of his new friends, and never accomplished anything of importance. He fought against his old commander in several battles and was slain at the battle of Munda in Spain, 45 B.C.]

[Footnote 12: >, _don't think_.]

[Footnote 13:

>, --501.15.]

[Footnote 14: >. This name is applied to Cisalpine Gaul, or Gaul south of the Alps.]

[Footnote 15: >, obj. of >.]

[Footnote 16: >, obj. of >.]

[Footnote 17:

[Footnote 18:

>, --501.17.]

[Footnote 19: >, obj. of

[Footnote 20:

>.]

[Footnote 21: >, obj. of >.]

[Ill.u.s.tration: SIGNIFER]

LXXVI. THE TRIUMPH OF CAESAR

Pompeio amicisque eius superatis atque omnibus hostibus ubique victis, Caesar imperator Romam rediit et [1]extra moenia urbis in campo Martio castra posuit. Tum vero amplissimis honoribus adfectus est. Dictator creatus est, et ei triumphus a senatu est decretus. [2]Quo die de Gallis triumphum egit, tanta mult.i.tudo hominum in urbem undique confluxit [3]ut omnia loca essent conferta. Templa patebant, arae fumabant, columnae sertis ornatae erant. [4]c.u.m vero pompa urbem intraret, quantus hominum fremitus ortus est! Primum per portam ingressi sunt senatus et magistratus. Secuti sunt tibicines, signiferi, pedites laurea coronati canentes: "Ecce Caesar nunc triumphat, qui subegit Galliam," et "Mille, mille, mille, mille Gallos trucidavimus." Multi praedam captarum urbium portabant, arma, omnia belli instrumenta. Secuti sunt equites, animosis atque splendidissime ornatis equis vecti, inter quos Publius adulescens fortissimus habebatur. Adducebantur tauri, arietes, [5]qui dis immortalibus immolarentur. Ita longo agmine progrediens exercitus [6]sacra via per forum in Capitolium perrexit.

Imperator ipse c.u.m urbem intraret, undique laeto clamore mult.i.tudinis salutatus est. Stabat in curru aureo quem quattuor albi equi vehebant.

Indutus [7]toga picta, altera manu habenas et lauream tenebat, altera eburneum sceptrum. Post eum servus in curru stans auream coronam super caput eius tenebat. Ante currum miserrimi captivi, reges principesque superatarum gentium, catenis vincti, progrediebantur; et viginti quattuor lictores[8] laureatas fascis ferentes et signiferi currum Caesaris comitabantur. Concludit agmen mult.i.tudo captivorum, qui, in servitutem redacti,[9] demisso vultu, vinctis[10] bracchiis, sequuntur; quibusc.u.m veniunt longissimo ordine milites, etiam hi praedam vel insignia militaria ferentes.

[Ill.u.s.tration: LICTORES c.u.m FASCIBUS]