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39 Ibid.
40 Pennsylvania Packet, November 18, 1779.
41 Kessler, "Rough Sketch."
42 Kessler, "Rough Sketch," 2.
43 Ibid.
44 Pennsylvania Packet, November 18, 1779.
45 Pennsylvania Gazette, October 6, 1779.
46 DNA, Marine Committee to Harding, October 22, 1779; JCC, Reed to Marine Committee.
47 Doerflinger, Vigorous Spirit of Enterprise, 255; Tinkcom, "The Revolutionary City, 17651783," 147.
48 Doerflinger, Vigorous Spirit of Enterprise, 255; Tinkcom, "The Revolutionary City, 17651783," 147; Paullin, Out-Letters, vol. II, 264.
49 James Wilson to Robert Morris, October 4, 1779; quoted in Gurn, Commodore John Barry, 122.
50 Ibid.; Doerflinger, Vigorous Spirit of Enterprise 255; Tinkcom, "The Revolutionary City, 17651783," 147.
51 Archdiocese of Philadelphia Archives, Baptismal Records, St. Mary's Church, Philadelphia; Griffin, The History of Commodore John Barry, 108.
52 PA Archives, Colonial Records, vol. 12, 80.
53 Pennsylvania Gazette, April 10, 1779.
54 LOC, John Barry Collection, Mathew Irwin receipts, August 7, 1779.
55 ISM, Barry-Hayes Papers Memorial; Clark, Gallant John Barry, 183.
56 DNA, Marine Committee to John Barry, November 6, 1779.
57 Ibid.
58 Rates were based on number of guns; most frigates were fifth or sixth rated ships; King with Hattendorf and Estes, A Sea of Words, 308; Van Powell, The American Navies of the Revolutionary War, 86.
59 Chappelle, The American Sailing Navy, 80.
60 LDC, Marine Committee to John Barry, November 6, 1779.
61 Paullin, Out-Letters, vol. II, 131, Marine Committee to Captain John Barry, November 20, 1779; Miller, Sea of Glory, 421.
62 Paullin, Out-Letters, vol. II, 131.
63 Clark, Gallant John Barry, 185.
64 Ibid.
65 Miller, Sea of Glory, 421.
66 DNA, Board of Admiralty to John Langdon, December 28, 1779.
67 Samuel Adams Papers, vol. 11, 2194-2197, John Warner to Sam Adams, July 15, 1778.
68 DNA, Board of Admiralty correspondence, John Brown to Board of War, January 31, 1780; quoted in Gurn, Commodore John Barry, 126.
69 NYHS, "Received of Capt. John Barry one Continental horse Pack saddle," September 19, 1780; ISM, John Barry Memorial to Congress, 1785.
70 Clark, Gallant John Barry, 187.
71 NDAR, Vol. 8, 453-454, Captain Thomas Lloyd, R.N. to Governor Bernardo de Galvez, April 27, 1777.
72 LOC, John Barry Collection, Alliance Letterbook. November 17, 1782.
73 Pennsylvania Gazette, May 24, 1780.
74 Archdiocese of Philadelphia Records, Baptismal Certificate, Eleanor Barry, July 2, 1775; from Griffin, The History of Commodore John Barry, 116.
75 ISM, Barry-Hayes Papers, John Barry Memorial to Pennsylvania a.s.sembly, 1783, and to Congress, 1785; quoted in Clark, Gallant John Barry, 188.
76 Miller, Sea of Glory, 231.
77 Allen, A Naval History of the American Revolution, 528.
78 Miller, Sea of Glory, 231.
79 Landais, Memorial to Justify Peter Landais' Conduct During the Late War.
80 Morison, John Paul Jones, 232.
81 MHS, Adams Papers, Adams to Warren, June 1, 1778; LDC, Marine Committee to Eastern Navy Board, June 18, 1778.
82 Samuel Adams Papers, vol. 11, 2194-2197, Warren to S. Adams, July 5, 1778.
83 Morison, John Paul Jones, 231.
84 Miller, Sea of Glory, 374-375.
85 Bradford, ed., The Adams Papers, vol. II, 368.
86 Jones's second-in-command aboard the Bonhomme Richard was none other than Richard Dale, the young midshipman who Barry had persuaded to rejoin the American cause after the Lexington took the Lady Susan. Dale was on the Lexington when she was recaptured in 1777. A year after his imprisonment he escaped, walking right past the prison guards while dressed in a British uniform. He made his way to France and joined the crew of the Bonhomme Richard. To his dying day he never told anyone how he obtained that uniform. MacLay, A History of American Privateers, 64.
87 Thomas, John Paul Jones, 161.
88 The Battle of Flamborough Head is written about in great detail by Morison and Thomas in their biographies of Jones as well as in Fowler's Rebels Under Sail and Miller's Sea of Glory.
89 Fowler, Rebels Under Sail, 236.
90 Schiff, A Great Improvisation, 153.
91 Miller, Sea of Glory, 434435.
92 DNA, MSS Division, Papers of the Continental Congress, "Barry's Summing Up of the Evidence at Landais' Court-Martial"; Morison, John Paul Jones, 359.
93 Ibid.; Ibid.
94 Morison, John Paul Jones, 359.
95 Ibid.
96 Fowler, Rebels Under Sail, 237.
97 Miller, Sea of Glory, 439.
98 De Koven, The Life and Letters of John Paul Jones.
99 LOC, GWP, Washington to Jeremiah Powell and John Trumbull, July 22, 1780.
100 Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence, BFP, Franklin to President of Congress, August 9, 1780.
101 Paullin, ed., Out-Letters, vol. II, Marine Committee to Barry, September 5, 1780, 261-262.
102 Ibid., 265-266, Marine Committee to William Ellery, September 9, 1780.
103 Miller, Sea of Glory, 413, 416. It also ended the career of its naval leader Dudley Saltonstall-once fourth on the navy seniority list.
104 Ibid., 423.
105 Paullin, ed., Out-Letters, vol. II, 265-266.
106 LOC, GWP, Washington to Jefferson, September 11, 1780.
107 Ma.s.sachusetts Historical Society, Adams Family Papers, Abigail Adams to John Adams, October 15, 1780, October 8, 1780.
108 DeKoven, The Life and Letters of John Paul Jones, 142; Fowler, Rebels Under Sail, 237.
109 DNA, MSS, Barry's Report on the Landais Court-Martial, vol. II, 193; Clark, Gallant John Barry, 192.
110 DeKoven, The Life and Letters of John Paul Jones, 141-142.
111 DNA, MSS, Barry's Report on the Landais Court-Martial, vol. II, 193.
112 Clark, Gallant John Barry, 192.
113 LOC, Barry Collection, Muster roll, Alliance, 1781.
114 Kessler, "Life of John Kessler," 4.
115 Ibid.
116 DNA, RDC, vol. 4, Laurens to President of Congress, February 4, 1781.
117 JCC, November 13, 1780.
118 Ibid.
119 DeKoven, The Life and Letters of John Paul Jones, 142.
120 DNA, MSS DIR, Papers of Continental Congress, vol. II, 193, "Barry's Summing Up of the Evidence at Landais Court-Martial."
121 Clark, Gallant John Barry, 194.
122 DNA, MSS, Papers of the Continental Congress, vol. II, 193.
123 De Koven, The Life and Letters of John Paul Jones, 142-143.
124 Landais, Memorial.
125 De Koven, The Life and Letters of John Paul Jones, 142-143; Clark, Gallant John Barry, 195.
126 Ibid.
127 DNA, MSS Division, The Papers of the Continental Congress: "Barry's Summing Up."
128 Ibid.
129 Fowler, Rebels Under Sail, 237.
130 Miller, Sea of Glory, 439.
131 Chappelle, The American Sailing Navy, 85; Millar, American Ships of the Colonial and Revolutionary Periods, 45.
132 Morison, John Paul Jones, 235; French official Thevenard quoted in Clark, Gallant John Barry, 192.
133 Ellis, His Excellency, 129-130.
134 Brands, The First American, 589.
135 Keane, Tom Paine, 203.
136 Ibid.
137 Ibid., 204.
138 Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, 116-117.
