Jew in the Lotus Part 17

In comparing Judaism to Buddhism, I have come to value the Jewish emphasis on adding a sacred dimension to daily life, especially through the Shabbat, which brings families together and allows every Jew to taste the sweetness of a spiritual life without retreating utterly from the world. As Jews we do not have to choose between family life and the monastery-we have a blueprint for combining both, if only we will follow it.

The Holocaust and its aftershocks, and the politics of Zionism, have both been key issues for American Jews. But the sadness and pain of our memories-and the tensions of political struggles, both internal and external-have often obscured our inner joy.

Jonathan Omer-Man described to the Dalai Lama "a path of joy." "People are very much into bringing more fun into Judaism," he told me, "but fun is not joy. Joy is ecstatic knowledge with all parts of one's being, an integrated way of knowing. It's truly a quest."

It is time now to continue that quest-and essential to Jewish survival.

Notes and References

INTRODUCTION.

p. 1 I studied the modern history of Tibet I studied the modern history of Tibet. The best single source is John Avedon, The best single source is John Avedon, In Exile from the Land of Snows In Exile from the Land of Snows (New York: Vintage, 1986.) The International Campaign for Tibet, 1518 K Street, NW, Suite 410, Washington, DC 20005 publishes (New York: Vintage, 1986.) The International Campaign for Tibet, 1518 K Street, NW, Suite 410, Washington, DC 20005 publishes Tibet Press Watch Tibet Press Watch and other sources of information on events in contemporary Tibet. and other sources of information on events in contemporary Tibet.

CHAPTER 1 SPARKS.

p. 19 the kabbalah teaches that the Jewish soul is composed of many brilliant sparks the kabbalah teaches that the Jewish soul is composed of many brilliant sparks The The nitzatzot ha-neshamot nitzatzot ha-neshamot or "sparks of the soul" is a development of the Lurianic kabbalah. For a brief account, see Gershom Scholem, or "sparks of the soul" is a development of the Lurianic kabbalah. For a brief account, see Gershom Scholem, Kabbalah Kabbalah (New York: Meridian, 1978), pp. 347-48. For a beautiful account of kabbalistic teaching in general, as seen by a pract.i.tioner, see Aryeh Kaplan, (New York: Meridian, 1978), pp. 347-48. For a beautiful account of kabbalistic teaching in general, as seen by a pract.i.tioner, see Aryeh Kaplan, Inner s.p.a.ce Inner s.p.a.ce (Brooklyn: Moznaim, 1990). (Brooklyn: Moznaim, 1990).

p. 27 The history of the spread of Buddhism to the West The history of the spread of Buddhism to the West I am indebted to Rick Fields's I am indebted to Rick Fields's How the Swans Came to the Lake How the Swans Came to the Lake (Boulder: Shambhala, 1981), a very readable history. (Boulder: Shambhala, 1981), a very readable history.

Charles Prebish's book is American Buddhism American Buddhism (Duxbury Press, 1979). p. 11 (Duxbury Press, 1979). p. 11 A Torah scroll was unwrapped A Torah scroll was unwrapped See See New York Times New York Times, September 26, 1989. Baltimore Jewish Times Jewish Times, October 13, 1989.

CHAPTER 2 FLAMES.

p. 18 Lieberman had sent each of us Lieberman had sent each of us The Dhammapada The Dhammapada The text was The text was The The Dhammapada: The Path of Truth , trans. Ven. BalanG.o.da Maitreya, revised by Ruth Kramer (Novato, CA: Lotsawa, 1988). , trans. Ven. BalanG.o.da Maitreya, revised by Ruth Kramer (Novato, CA: Lotsawa, 1988).

p. 21 The historian Arthur Hertzberg The historian Arthur Hertzberg See Hertzberg's excellent account, See Hertzberg's excellent account, The Jews in America, Four Centuries of an Uneasy Encounter: A History The Jews in America, Four Centuries of an Uneasy Encounter: A History (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989). (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989).

See also Charles Liebman, "Orthodoxy in American Jewish Life," American Jewish Year Book American Jewish Year Book, 1965 (66) (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1965), pp. 21-27.

CHAPTER 4 HEIGHTS.

p. 42 the Torah portion the Torah portion The portion was The portion was Lekh Lekha Lekh Lekha.

p. 45 active at the inception of the chavurah movement active at the inception of the chavurah movement See Richard Siegel, Michael Stra.s.sfeld, Sharon Stra.s.sfeld, See Richard Siegel, Michael Stra.s.sfeld, Sharon Stra.s.sfeld, The First Jewish Catalog The First Jewish Catalog (Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 1973) pp. 296-318. Zalman Schachter's article, "A First Step: A Devotional Guide," is an excellent introduction to Jewish renewal spirituality. (Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 1973) pp. 296-318. Zalman Schachter's article, "A First Step: A Devotional Guide," is an excellent introduction to Jewish renewal spirituality.

p. 48 Rabbi Joseph Soloveitchik Rabbi Joseph Soloveitchik Rabbi Soloveitchik died in 1993. His major works are: Rabbi Soloveitchik died in 1993. His major works are: Halakhic Man Halakhic Man, trans. Lawrence Kaplan (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1983), and The Lonely Man of Faith The Lonely Man of Faith (New York: Doubleday, 1992). (New York: Doubleday, 1992).

CHAPTER 5 BLESSINGS.

p. 61 the long history of Jewish blessings the long history of Jewish blessings See Hayim Donin, See Hayim Donin, To Pray As a Jew To Pray As a Jew (New York: Basic Books, 1980).

p. 63 Yitz felt the Dalai Lama himself had removed such claims in his latest autobiography Yitz felt the Dalai Lama himself had removed such claims in his latest autobiography Tenzin Gyatso, Dalai Lama XIV, Tenzin Gyatso, Dalai Lama XIV, Freedom in Exile: The Autobiography of the Dalai Lama Freedom in Exile: The Autobiography of the Dalai Lama (New York: HarperCollins, 1990), p. xiii. (New York: HarperCollins, 1990), p. xiii.

CHAPTER 6 CONTACT.

p. 65 how the rebbe tied his shoes how the rebbe tied his shoes Attributed to a disciple of Dov Baer, the great Maggid of Mezhirech. See Martin Buber, Attributed to a disciple of Dov Baer, the great Maggid of Mezhirech. See Martin Buber, Tales of the Hasidim: Early Masters Tales of the Hasidim: Early Masters (New York: Shocken, 1961), p. 107. (New York: Shocken, 1961), p. 107.

p. 68 Katz believed that Judaism and Buddhism had contact in the past Katz believed that Judaism and Buddhism had contact in the past For a fuller account and references, see Nathan Katz, "Contacts between Jewish and Indo-Tibetan Civilizations through the Ages: Some Explorations," For a fuller account and references, see Nathan Katz, "Contacts between Jewish and Indo-Tibetan Civilizations through the Ages: Some Explorations," The Tibet Journal The Tibet Journal 16, no. 4 (1991): 90-109. The Jataka tale Katz cites is found in the 16, no. 4 (1991): 90-109. The Jataka tale Katz cites is found in the Mahoshadha Jataka Mahoshadha Jataka, which he compares to the judgment tale of King Solomon (1 Kings 3:16-28).

CHAPTER 7 THE ANGEL OF TIBET AND THE ANGEL OF THE JEWS p. 72 Kavvanah Kavvanah is an important element of Hasidic devotional practice is an important element of Hasidic devotional practice The term is used in the Talmud ( The term is used in the Talmud (Eruv, 95b) but developed to its height by Rabbi Isaac Luria and his followers in Safed, from whom it pa.s.sed to the Hasidim. See Gershom Scholem, Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism (New York: Shocken, 1973), pp. 275-78. (New York: Shocken, 1973), pp. 275-78.

p. 75 The deep way is the way of kabbalah The deep way is the way of kabbalah Major scholarly works on kabbalah include the following texts: Gershom Scholem, Major scholarly works on kabbalah include the following texts: Gershom Scholem, Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism; Gershom Scholem, Kabbalah Kabbalah (New York: Meridian, 1978); Gershom Scholem, (New York: Meridian, 1978); Gershom Scholem, On the Kabbalah and Its Symbolism On the Kabbalah and Its Symbolism (New York: Schocken Books, 1965); Moshe Idel, (New York: Schocken Books, 1965); Moshe Idel, Kabbalah: New Perspectives Kabbalah: New Perspectives (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988). For books on kabbalah from the point of view of a pract.i.tioner, see: Aryeh Kaplan, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988). For books on kabbalah from the point of view of a pract.i.tioner, see: Aryeh Kaplan, Inner s.p.a.ce Inner s.p.a.ce (Brooklyn: Moznaim, 1990); Aryeh Kaplan, (Brooklyn: Moznaim, 1990); Aryeh Kaplan, Meditation and Kabbalah Meditation and Kabbalah (York Beach, ME: Samuel Weiser, 1989). (York Beach, ME: Samuel Weiser, 1989).

p. 76 In Tibetan Buddhist teaching In Tibetan Buddhist teaching An excellent popular introduction can be found in Nancy Ross, An excellent popular introduction can be found in Nancy Ross, Buddhism: A Way of Life and Thought Buddhism: A Way of Life and Thought (New York: Vintage, 1981), pp. 101-140. (New York: Vintage, 1981), pp. 101-140.

p. 76 The four supernal worlds The four supernal worlds These are known as the These are known as the olamot olamot, or universes. See Kaplan, Inner s.p.a.ce Inner s.p.a.ce, p. 137 p. 77 The four worlds cosmology comes straight out of the Lurianic kabbalah The four worlds cosmology comes straight out of the Lurianic kabbalah For a brief scholarly discussion of this history, see Scholem, For a brief scholarly discussion of this history, see Scholem, Major Trends Major Trends, p. 272.

p. 77 Rabbi Schachter's update Rabbi Schachter's update A recently published account of four worlds davening can be found in A recently published account of four worlds davening can be found in Worlds of Jewish Prayer Worlds of Jewish Prayer, ed. Shohama Wiener and Jonathan Omer-Man (Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson, 1993). See also Zalman Schachter's introduction to the Or Chadash Or Chadash siddur published by the P'nai Or Religious Fellowship, 7318 Germantown Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19119; and by the same publisher, siddur published by the P'nai Or Religious Fellowship, 7318 Germantown Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19119; and by the same publisher, Gates to the Heart Gates to the Heart.

p. 85 Shunyata Shunyata is also called by the Tibetans "dependent arising is also called by the Tibetans "dependent arising" See the See the Prajnaparamita-hridaya Prajnaparamita-hridaya, or Heart Sutra. The topic was developed in the writings of the Indian Buddhist Nagarjuna. For two contemporary discussions by Tibetan Buddhist pract.i.tioners, see Chogyam Trungpa, Cutting Through Spiritual Materialism Cutting Through Spiritual Materialism (Berkeley: Shambhala, 1973), and Thubten Chodron, (Berkeley: Shambhala, 1973), and Thubten Chodron, Open Heart, Clear Mind Open Heart, Clear Mind (Ithaca, N.Y.: Snow Lion, 1990). For the Dalai Lama's own account of (Ithaca, N.Y.: Snow Lion, 1990). For the Dalai Lama's own account of shunyata shunyata, see The Dalai Lama at Harvard The Dalai Lama at Harvard (Ithaca, N.Y.: Snow Lion, 1989). See also The Dalai Lama, "Dependent Arising," (Ithaca, N.Y.: Snow Lion, 1989). See also The Dalai Lama, "Dependent Arising," Cho Yang: The Voice of Tibetan Religion and Culture Cho Yang: The Voice of Tibetan Religion and Culture. (Dharamsala) 3, 1990.

CHAPTER 8 ALWAYS REMIND.

p. 93 As Jewish sociologist Arnold Eisen has noted As Jewish sociologist Arnold Eisen has noted In an article published in In an article published in the American Jewish Year Book American Jewish Year Book 1991 (91) (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society), pp. 3-33. 1991 (91) (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society), pp. 3-33.

Rabbi Greenberg's book on the covenant is The Voluntary Covenant The Voluntary Covenant (New York: National Jewish Resource Center, 1982). (New York: National Jewish Resource Center, 1982).

p. 97 "Each of the holy days was reinterpreted "Each of the holy days was reinterpreted" For an excellent account of how this works in practice, see Rabbi Greenberg's For an excellent account of how this works in practice, see Rabbi Greenberg's The Jewish Way: Living the Holidays The Jewish Way: Living the Holidays (New York: Summit, 1988). See also Arthur Waskow, (New York: Summit, 1988). See also Arthur Waskow, Seasons of Our Joy Seasons of Our Joy (Boston: Beacon, 1982). (Boston: Beacon, 1982).

p. 98 memory theaters of ancient Roman rhetoric memory theaters of ancient Roman rhetoric See Francis Yates, See Francis Yates, The Art of Memory The Art of Memory (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1966). (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1966).

CHAPTER 9 DEBATING MONKS AND ANGELS.

p. 111 Rav Kook, the great chief rabbi of Israel Rav Kook, the great chief rabbi of Israel Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook (1865-1935) was the chief rabbi of Palestine. See Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook (1865-1935) was the chief rabbi of Palestine. See Abraham Isaac Kook-The Lights of Penitence, Lights of Holiness, The Moral Principles, Essays, Letters and Poems Abraham Isaac Kook-The Lights of Penitence, Lights of Holiness, The Moral Principles, Essays, Letters and Poems, trans. Ben Zion Bokser (New York: Paulist Press, 1978).

p. 114 The monks were debating The monks were debating For the Dalai Lama's account of his own training in debate, see For the Dalai Lama's account of his own training in debate, see Freedom in Exile Freedom in Exile, pp. 25-26.

CHAPTER 10 SHABBAT SHALOM AND TASHE DELEK p. 119 training of young training of young tulkus tulkus The The tulku tulku is a unique development of Tibetan is a unique development of Tibetan Buddhism not shared by other forms of Buddhism. For a sympathetic discussion of the inst.i.tution, see Ross, Buddhism: A Way of Life Buddhism: A Way of Life, pp. 107-110. John Avedon's account of how the Dalai Lama was discovered makes fascinating reading and can be found in chapter 1, In Exile from the Land of Snows In Exile from the Land of Snows.

p. 124 Vipa.s.sana [insight meditation Vipa.s.sana [insight meditation] There are many excellent guides to insight meditation. Among them are Thich Nhat Hanh, There are many excellent guides to insight meditation. Among them are Thich Nhat Hanh, The Miracle of Mindfulness The Miracle of Mindfulness (Boston: Beacon Press, 1987); Nyanaponikia Thera, (Boston: Beacon Press, 1987); Nyanaponikia Thera, The Heart of Buddhist Meditation The Heart of Buddhist Meditation (London: Rider, 1983); Joseph Goldstein and Jack Kornfield, (London: Rider, 1983); Joseph Goldstein and Jack Kornfield, Seeking the Heart of Wisdom Seeking the Heart of Wisdom (Boston: Shambhala, 1987). (Boston: Shambhala, 1987).

p. 125 The geshes described their training The geshes described their training For an account of training at the Namgyal Monastery both in Tibet and now in exile, see Kalden Lodro and Jeremy Russel, "Namgyal Monastery," For an account of training at the Namgyal Monastery both in Tibet and now in exile, see Kalden Lodro and Jeremy Russel, "Namgyal Monastery," Cho Yang Cho Yang 3 (Dharamsala, 1990). 3 (Dharamsala, 1990).

CHAPTER 11 JEWISH BUDDHISTS, BUDDHIST JEWS p. 140 In the In the Mishneh Torah Mishneh Torah See Isadore Twersky, ed., See Isadore Twersky, ed., A Maimonides Reader A Maimonides Reader 140 (New York: Behrman House, 1972), p. 54. 140 (New York: Behrman House, 1972), p. 54.

CHAPTER 13 TIBETAN INTELLECTUALS, TIBETAN ORPHANS p. 158 A more militant path A more militant path Lhasang Tsering was interviewed in Nepal in 1993 by R. W. Ankerson, Jr., of the Lhasang Tsering was interviewed in Nepal in 1993 by R. W. Ankerson, Jr., of the Independent Independent. He stated his opposition clearly: "I think the Tibetan people should come to certain ground realities, that in the foreign policy of governments there is no place for love, compa.s.sion, and kindness-it's all a question of self-interest." See The Independent The Independent, Kathmandu, Nepal, February 3, 1993.

CHAPTER 14 AN INTERVIEW WITH THE ORACLE p. 173 visualization practice visualization practice For a description of visualization practices, see For a description of visualization practices, see Part Five of Kathleen McDonald, How to Meditate: A Practical Guide How to Meditate: A Practical Guide (Boston: Wisdom Books, 1990). (Boston: Wisdom Books, 1990).

p. 174 maaseh merkavah maaseh merkavah See Scholem, See Scholem, Major Trends Major Trends, pp. 40-79. p. 175 This same Joseph Karo had regular communications with a maggid This same Joseph Karo had regular communications with a maggid See Louis Jacobs, See Louis Jacobs, Jewish Mystical Testimonies Jewish Mystical Testimonies (New York: Schocken, 1976), pp. 98-122. Jacobs has compiled fascinating accounts of Jewish mystical experiences throughout the ages. (New York: Schocken, 1976), pp. 98-122. Jacobs has compiled fascinating accounts of Jewish mystical experiences throughout the ages.

CHAPTER 15 SECRET DOORS.

p. 188 the four levels of interpretation the four levels of interpretation Interested readers may explore the Torah Interested readers may explore the Torah commentaries of Rashi and Nachmanides. The cla.s.sic rabbinic midrash are compiled in several volumes for each of the five books of Moses, as Genesis Rabbah, Exodus Rabbah Genesis Rabbah, Exodus Rabbah, etc. For examples of contemporary midrash, see Arthur Waskow, G.o.dwrestling G.o.dwrestling (New York: Schocken, 1978) and Lawrence Kushner, (New York: Schocken, 1978) and Lawrence Kushner, The River of Light The River of Light (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1981). (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1981).

p. 192 chanting the name of G.o.d, but using different vowel sounds chanting the name of G.o.d, but using different vowel sounds Similar techniques are described in greater detail in Aryeh Kaplan, Similar techniques are described in greater detail in Aryeh Kaplan, Meditation and Kabbalah Meditation and Kabbalah (York Beach, ME: Samuel Weiser, 1982), pp. 87-92. This pa.s.sage is based on texts of the Spanish kabbalist Abraham Abulafia. There are other developments of this in the Lurianic (York Beach, ME: Samuel Weiser, 1982), pp. 87-92. This pa.s.sage is based on texts of the Spanish kabbalist Abraham Abulafia. There are other developments of this in the Lurianic kavvanot kavvanot.

p. 194 much of the work of inner clarification we do in dialogue with a teacher much of the work of inner clarification we do in dialogue with a teacher See Zalman Schachter-Shalomi, See Zalman Schachter-Shalomi, Spiritual Intimacy: A Study of Counseling in Hasidism Spiritual Intimacy: A Study of Counseling in Hasidism (Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson, 1991). (Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson, 1991).

p. 195 going alone to a place and shouting and crying to G.o.d going alone to a place and shouting and crying to G.o.d This seems to be a description of This seems to be a description of hitbodedut hitbodedut meditation as practiced by Rabbi Nachman of Bratzlav. See Kaplan, meditation as practiced by Rabbi Nachman of Bratzlav. See Kaplan, Meditation and Kabbalah Meditation and Kabbalah, pp. 309-13. Kaplan quotes from Rabbi Nachman's Hishtapkhut HaNefesh Hishtapkhut HaNefesh (Outpouring of the soul). (Outpouring of the soul).

CHAPTER 16 TANTRA AND KABBALAH.

p. 201 through that visualization you bring the practice of method and wisdom together through that visualization you bring the practice of method and wisdom together The Dalai Lama is outlining The Dalai Lama is outlining tantrayana tantrayana, or Buddhist tantric meditation practices. For more detailed descriptions see Daniel Cozort, Highest Yoga Tantra Highest Yoga Tantra (Ithaca, N.Y.: Snow Lion, 1986), and David Snellgrove, (Ithaca, N.Y.: Snow Lion, 1986), and David Snellgrove, Indo-Tibetan Buddhism Indo-Tibetan Buddhism (London: Serindia, 1987). For an insightful and provocative account of the relationship between female s.e.xuality and tantric practices, see Rita Gross, "Yeshe Tsogyel: Enlightened Consort, Great Teacher, Female Role Model" in Janice Willis, ed., (London: Serindia, 1987). For an insightful and provocative account of the relationship between female s.e.xuality and tantric practices, see Rita Gross, "Yeshe Tsogyel: Enlightened Consort, Great Teacher, Female Role Model" in Janice Willis, ed., Feminine Ground: Essays on Women and Tibet Feminine Ground: Essays on Women and Tibet (Ithaca, N.Y.: Snow Lion, 1989). (Ithaca, N.Y.: Snow Lion, 1989).

p. 205 As described in Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan's As described in Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan's Jewish Meditation Jewish Meditation See ch. 17, pp. 154-61. See ch. 17, pp. 154-61.

p. 205 the entire mystical Shabbat was organized in antic.i.p.ation of the s.e.xual union the entire mystical Shabbat was organized in antic.i.p.ation of the s.e.xual union This is explored in detail in Elliot Ginsburg's selection from This is explored in detail in Elliot Ginsburg's selection from Tolaat Yakov Tolaat Yakov, a sixteenth-century kabbalistic work by Meir ibn Gabbai. See Ginsburg, Sod HaShabbat (The mystery of the Sabbath Sod HaShabbat (The mystery of the Sabbath) (Albany: SUNY Press, 1989).

CHAPTER 17 SURVIVAL STRATEGIES.

p. 221 That indeed is what the That indeed is what the Zohar Zohar makes explicit makes explicit See Sperling, Simon, Levertoff, trans., See Sperling, Simon, Levertoff, trans., The Zohar The Zohar (III) (New York: Soncino, 1984), p. 253. "Said R. Abba: 'When the smoke came out of Mount Sinai a fire ascended enveloped therein, so that its flames were of a blue color. They flared high and dwindled again, and the smoke emitted all the aromas of Paradise.... It was the (III) (New York: Soncino, 1984), p. 253. "Said R. Abba: 'When the smoke came out of Mount Sinai a fire ascended enveloped therein, so that its flames were of a blue color. They flared high and dwindled again, and the smoke emitted all the aromas of Paradise.... It was the Shekinah Shekinah who manifested Herself thus at the giving of the Law in the wilderness on Mount Sinai....'" who manifested Herself thus at the giving of the Law in the wilderness on Mount Sinai....'"

p. 218 The Tibetan nuns needed special support The Tibetan nuns needed special support For an excellent account of the life and the joys and difficulties of Tibetan For an excellent account of the life and the joys and difficulties of Tibetan Anis Anis, see Janice Willis, "Tibetan Anis Anis: The Nun's Life in Tibet" in Willis, Feminine Ground: Essays on Women and Tibet Feminine Ground: Essays on Women and Tibet (Ithaca, N.Y.: Snow Lion, 1989). (Ithaca, N.Y.: Snow Lion, 1989).

CHAPTER 19 A BUDDHIST JEW-THE ALLEN GINSBERG STORY p. 240 Back in 1962, the Tibetan Back in 1962, the Tibetan dzog chen dzog chen master, Dudjom Rinpoche, had master, Dudjom Rinpoche, had advised Ginsberg Interestingly, Ginsberg did not mention his meeting with Dudjom Rinpoche in his 1965 Interestingly, Ginsberg did not mention his meeting with Dudjom Rinpoche in his 1965 Paris Review Paris Review interview with Tom Clark. He did mention a visit with the Dalai Lama during this same journey. interview with Tom Clark. He did mention a visit with the Dalai Lama during this same journey.

CHAPTER 20 A SYNAGOGUE IN DELHI.

p. 249 The scholar Walter Fishel notes The scholar Walter Fishel notes See Walter Fishel, "Jews and Judaism at the Court of the Moghul Emperors in Medieval India," See Walter Fishel, "Jews and Judaism at the Court of the Moghul Emperors in Medieval India," Islamic Culture Islamic Culture 25:105-31. See also Nathan Katz, "Sarmad 'the Everlasting': An Eccentric Jewish Sufi of Mughal India," 25:105-31. See also Nathan Katz, "Sarmad 'the Everlasting': An Eccentric Jewish Sufi of Mughal India," Journal of the Society of Rabbis in Academia Journal of the Society of Rabbis in Academia 2, no. 1 (January 1992): 13-17. 2, no. 1 (January 1992): 13-17.

p. 249 When I looked at the text When I looked at the text For the text of the Dabistan see Shea and Troyer, trans., For the text of the Dabistan see Shea and Troyer, trans., The Dabistan, or School of Manners The Dabistan, or School of Manners (Paris: Oriental Translation Fund, 1843). (Paris: Oriental Translation Fund, 1843).

p. 251 As Sarmad has written As Sarmad has written For excerpts from Sarmad's poetry and a brief biography see B. Hashimi "Sarmad: His Life and Quatrains," For excerpts from Sarmad's poetry and a brief biography see B. Hashimi "Sarmad: His Life and Quatrains," Islamic Culture Islamic Culture (1933, 1934), pp. 663-72 and 92-104. (1933, 1934), pp. 663-72 and 92-104.