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International Law. A Treatise Volume Ii Part 67

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IV

ACTION IN DAMAGES INSTEAD OF APPEAL

Scott in _A.J._ V. (1911), pp. 302-324.

[Sidenote: Reason for Action in Damages instead of Appeal.]

-- 452. According to the Const.i.tution of the United States of America, and probably that of some other States, no appeal may be brought against a judgment of their Highest Courts. These States could not, therefore, ratify Convention XII. and take part in the establishment of the International Prize Court without previously having altered their Const.i.tution. As such alteration would be a very complicated and precarious matter, the Naval Conference of London of 1908-9 included in the Final Protocol of the Conference the following _voeu_:--"The Delegates of the Powers represented at the Naval Conference and which have signed or have expressed their intention to sign the Hague Convention of October 18, 1907, concerning the establishment of an International Prize Court, considering the const.i.tutional difficulties which, in certain States, stand in the way of the ratification of that Convention in its actual form, agree to call the attention of their Governments to the advantage of concluding an arrangement according to which the said States would, in depositing their ratifications, have the power to add thereto a reservation to the effect that the right of recourse to the International Prize Court in connection with decisions of their National Courts, shall take the form of a direct action for damages, provided, however, that the effect of this reservation shall not be such as to impair the rights guaranteed by the said Convention to private individuals as well as to Governments, and that the terms of the reservation shall form the subject of a subsequent understanding between the signatory Powers of the same Convention."

To carry out this recommendation, Great Britain, Germany, the United States of America, Argentina, Austria-Hungary, Chili, Denmark, Spain, France, j.a.pan, Norway, Holland, and Sweden signed on September 19, 1910, at the Hague the "Additional Protocol to the Convention relative to the establishment of an International Prize Court" which comprises nine articles, is (article 8) considered to be an integral part of that Convention, and which will be ratified at the same time as the Convention, accession to the Convention being subordinated (article 9) to accession to the Protocol.[943]

[Footnote 943: There is no doubt that, should the International Prize Court be established, all the contracting Powers of Convention XII.

would accede to this additional protocol.]

[Sidenote: Procedure if Action for Damages is brought.]

-- 453. According to article 1 of the Protocol, those signatory or acceding Powers of Convention XII. which are prevented by difficulties of a const.i.tutional nature from accepting the Convention in its unaltered form, have, in ratifying the Convention or acceding to it, the right to declare that in prize cases over which their National Courts have jurisdiction, recourse to the International Prize Court may only be had in the form of an action in damages for the injury caused by the capture. In consequence thereof the procedure in the International Prize Court, as described above, ---- 448-451, takes place with the following modifications:--

(1) The action for damages may only be brought before the International Prize Court by means of a written or telegraphic declaration addressed to the International Bureau (article 5). This Bureau must directly notify, if possible by telegraph, the Government of the belligerent captor, which, without considering whether the prescribed periods of time have been observed, must within seven days of the receipt of the notification, transmit to the International Bureau the case and a certified copy of the decision, if any, rendered by the National Prize Court (article 6).

(2) The International Prize Court does not, as in Appeal Cases, p.r.o.nounce upon the validity or nullity of the capture concerned, nor confirm or reverse the judgment of the National Prize Court, but simply fixes the amount of damages to be allowed, if any, to the plaintiff, if the capture is considered to be illegal (article 3).

(3) After having delivered judgment, the International Prize Court does not transmit the record of the case, the various decisions arrived at, and the minutes, to the National Prize Court, but directly to the Government of the belligerent captor (article 7).

APPENDICES

APPENDIX I

DECLARATION OF PARIS OF 1856

Les Plenipotentiaires qui ont signe le Traite de Paris du trente mars, mil huit cent cinquante-six, reunis en Conference,--

Considerant:

Que le droit maritime, en temps de guerre, a ete pendant longtemps l'objet de contestations regrettables;

Que l'incert.i.tude du droit et des devoirs en pareille matiere, donne lieu, entre les neutres et les belligerants, a des divergences d'opinion qui peuvent faire naitre des difficultes serieuses et meme des conflits;

Qu'il y a avantage, par consequent, a etablir une doctrine uniforme sur un point aussi important;

Que les Plenipotentiaires a.s.sembles au Congres de Paris ne sauraient mieux repondre aux intentions, dont leurs Gouvernements sont animes, qu'en cherchant a introduire dans les rapports internationaux des principes fixes a cet egard;

Dment autorises, les susdits Plenipotentiaires sont convenus de se concerter sur les moyens d'atteindre ce but; et etant tombes d'accord ont arrete la Declaration solennelle ci-apres:--

1. La course est et demeure abolie;

2. Le pavillon neutre couvre la marchandise ennemie, a l'exception de la contrebande de guerre;

3. La marchandise neutre, a l'exception de la contrebande de guerre, n'est pas saisissable sous pavillon ennemi;

4. Les blocus, pour etre obligatoires, doivent etre effectifs, c'est-a-dire, maintenus par une force suffisante pour interdire reellement l'acces du littoral de l'ennemi.

Les Gouvernements des Plenipotentiaires soussignes s'engagent a porter cette Declaration a la connaissance des etats, qui n'ont pas ete appeles a participer au Congres de Paris, et a les inviter a y acceder.

Convaincus qui les maximes qu'ils viennent de proclamer ne sauraient etre accueillies qu'avec grat.i.tude par le monde entier, les Plenipotentiaires soussignes ne doutent pas, que les efforts de leurs Gouvernements pour en generaliser l'adoption ne soient couronnes d'un plein succes.

La presente Declaration n'est et ne sera obligatoire qu'entre les Puissances, qui y ont, ou qui y auront accede.

Fait a Paris, le seize avril, mil huit cent cinquante-six.

APPENDIX II

DECLARATION OF ST. PETERSBURG OF 1868

Sur la proposition du Cabinet Imperial de Russie, une Commission Militaire Internationale ayant ete reunie a Saint-Petersbourg, afin d'examiner la convenance d'interdire l'usage de certains projectiles en temps de guerre entre les nations civilisees, et cette Commission ayant fixe d'un commun accord les limites techniques ou les necessites de la guerre doivent s'arreter devant les exigences de l'humanite, les Soussignes sont autorises par les ordres de leurs Gouvernements a declarer ce qui suit:

Considerant que les progres de la civilisation doivent avoir pour effet d'attenuer autant que possible les calamites de la guerre;

Que le seul but legitime que les etats doivent se proposer durant la guerre est l'affaibliss.e.m.e.nt des forces militaires de l'ennemi;

Qu'a cet effet, il suffit de mettre hors de combat le plus grand nombre d'hommes possible;

Que ce but serait depa.s.se par l'emploi d'armes qui aggraveraient inutilement les souffrances des hommes mis hors de combat, ou rendraient leur mort inevitable;

Que l'emploi de pareilles armes serait des lors contraire aux lois de l'humanite;

Les Parties Contractantes s'engagent a renoncer mutuellement, en cas de guerre entre elles, a l'emploi par leurs troupes de terre ou de mer, de tout projectile d'un poids inferieur a 400 grammes, qui serait ou explosible ou charge de matieres fulminantes ou inflammables.

Elles inviteront tous les etats, qui n'ont pas participe par l'envoi de Delegues aux deliberations de la Commission Militaire Internationale reunie a Saint-Petersbourg, a acceder au present engagement.

Cet engagement n'est obligatoire que pour les Parties Contractantes ou Accedantes en cas de guerre entre deux ou plusieurs d'entre elles: il n'est pas applicable vis-a-vis de Parties non-Contractantes ou qui n'auraient pas accede.

Il cesserait egalement d'etre obligatoire du moment ou, dans une guerre entre Parties Contractantes ou Accedantes, une partie non-Contractante, ou qui n'aurait pas accede, se joindrait a l'un des belligerants.

Les Parties Contractantes ou Accedantes se reservent de s'entendre ulterieurement toutes les fois qu'une proposition precise serait formulee en vue des perfectionnements a venir que la science pourrait apporter dans l'armement des troupes, afin de maintenir les principes, qu'elles ont poses et de concilier les necessites de la guerre avec les lois de l'humanite.

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