Ideal Illusions Part 12

64. Nicolas de Torrente, "Not so Benign," www.doctorswithoutborders.org/publications/ar/report_print.cfm?id=3296.

65. Jean-Herve Bradol, "In Support of Compet.i.tion-Based Access to Medicines," Le Monde, February 28, 2007.

66. Nomination of Warren M. Christopher to be Secretary of State, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, January 13, 1993, p.24.

67. Morton Halperin, October 1994, quoted by Ralph McGehee, http://www.serendipity.li/cia/ciabase/ciabase_report_1.htm.

68. Council on Foreign Relations, Threats to Democracy: Prevention and Response, TaskForce Report (Madeleine K. Albright, chair), November 2002, 1617, http://www.cfr.org/publication/5180/threats_to_democracy.html.

69. USAID, "Democracy and Governance," November 1991, http://www.usaid.gov/policy/ads/200/demgov/demogov.pdf and After the Transition: Problems of Newly Democratizing Countries, ed. Tracy L. Brandt (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1992).

70. After the Transition, ed. Tracey L. Brandt, 5.

71. Jonah Gindin, In the Name of Democracy: Towards a Global Political Intervention Monitor, http://inthenameofdemocracy.org/?q=node/3 (accessed February 7, 2005).

72. Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1999 (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1999).

73. Human Rights Watch, "World Report 1995," xiv.

74. "Women in Development: AID's Experience 19731985," Program Evaluation Report vol. 1, no. 18, http://www.eric.ed.gov:80/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/13/a2/27.pdf.

75. Human Rights Watch, "World Report 1994," xii.

76. USAID, "Program and Operations a.s.sessment Report," no. 29, "Linking Democracy and Development: An Idea for the Times," June 2001. Also USAID, "Democracy and Governance: A Conceptual Framework," November 1998.

77. Human Rights Watch, "Annual Report 1994," Introduction (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1993), xvii.

78. Human Rights Watch, "World Report 1992," 29.

79. USAID, "Foreign Aid in the National Interest: Promoting Freedom, Security, and Opportunity," 7.

80. USAID, "Program and Operations a.s.sessment Report," no. 12, February 1996, http://usaidgov/pubs/usaid_eval/ascil/pnabs534.txt.

81. USAID, "Democracy and Governance," November 1991, http://www.usaid.gov/policy/ads/200/demgov/demogov.pdf and After the Transition: Problems of Newly Democratizing Countries, ed. Tracy L. Brandt (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press 1992). Also USAID, "Democracy and Governance," 15.

82. Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1999 (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1999).

83. Ibid.

84. USAID, "Program and Operations a.s.sessment Report," no. 12, February 1996, http://usaidgov/pubs/usaid_eval/ascil/pnabs534.txt.

85. Ibid., www.usaid.gov/pubs/usaid_eval/html_docs/enews81.htm 86. USAID, "Evaluations News," vol. 8, no. 1, 1996, 5 of 16, and USAID, "Program and Operations a.s.sessment Report," no. 12, February 1996, 35 of 38. USAID, "Policy Implementation: What USAID Has Learned," January 2001, http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/democracy_and_governance/publications/pdfs/pnach306.pdf.

87. USAID, "Policy Implementation: What USAID Has Learned," January 2001.

88. Ibid., 15.

89. USAID, "Foreign Aid in the National Interest," 48.

90. USAID, "Promoting Democratic Governance," 51, http://www.usaid.gov/fani/Chapter_1Foreign_Aid_in_the_National_Interest.pdf.

91. USAID, Operations a.s.sessment, no. 12, 34 of 38.

92. USAID, "Summary of Mechanisms for PVO-NGO," December 13, 2004, 5.

93. USAID, "Program and Operations a.s.sessment Report," no. 12, February 1996.

94. USIAD, "Partic.i.p.ation Forum," no. 18, April 25, 1996. Topic: Engaging Civil Society and Governments on the Greater Horn of Africa.

95. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, "Guiding Principles on Non-governmental Organizations," December 14, 2006, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/shrd/2006/82643.htm.

96. USAID, Center for Democracy and Governance, "Role of Media in Democracy," June 1999, 1.

97. Ibid., 18.

98. Appendix B, a.s.sessment Tools, in USAID, "The Role of Media in Democracy: A Strategic Approach," June 1999.

99. USAID, "Role of Media in Democracy," 1.

100. Ibid., 18.

101. Ibid.

102. Ibid. 7.

103. David Kennedy, Dark Sides of Virtue: Rea.s.sessing International Humanitarianism (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2004), 155.

104. Ibid., 106.

105. Ibid., 159160.

106. William F. Schulz, In Our Own Best Interest, 81.

107. Human Rights Watch, "World Report 2001," Introduction, xvi.

108. Lisa Misol, "Private Companies and the Public Interest: Why Corporations Should Welcome Global Human Rights Rules," 2006, 41, 45, HRWWS. Also see Human Rights Watch, "World Report 1996," xxii.

109. Human Rights Watch, "World Report 1996," xxiii.

110. Lisa Misol, "Private Companies and the Public Interest," 51.

111. William F. Schulz, In Our Own Best Interest, 66.

112. Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1999 (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1999).

113. David Lewis, "Interview with Michael Edwards on the Future of NGOs," Fall 1998, www.globalpolicy.org/ngos/intro/general/1998/edwards.htm.

114. Quoted in Julia E. Seidler, Exporting Democracy Without Citizens: Goals and Practices of American Agencies Providing Journalism a.s.sistance Programs in the Ukraine (Ph.D. diss., University of Iowa, 2001), 156.

115. Soros quoted in Julia E. Seidler, Exporting Democracy Without Citizens, 156.

116. Connie Bruck, "The World According to Soros," New Yorker, January 23, 1995, 70.

117. Ibid., 57.

118. Michael Dobbs, "U.S. Advice Guided Milosevic Opposition Political Consultants Helped Yugoslav Opposition Topple Authoritarian Leader," Washington Post, December 11, 2000, A1.

119. Ibid.

120. For a partic.i.p.ant view, see Sarah E. Mendelson, "When Democracy Promotion Works," International Trade 26, no. 2 (Summer 2004), http://hir.harvard.edu/index.php?page=article&id=1277.

121. Matt Kelley, "U.S. Money Has Helped Opposition in Ukraine," San Diego Union-Tribune, December 11, 2004, http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041211/news_1n11usaid.html.

122. USAID, "Rising Democracy: Gra.s.sroots Revolutions," September 2005, http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/democracy_and_governance/publications/pdfs/democracy_rising.pdf.

123. Ibid.

124. USAID, "Policy Implementation, What USAID Has Learned," January 2001, 4, http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/democracy_and_governance/publications/pdfs/pnach306.pdf.

125. Ibid.

126. Human Rights Watch, "World Report 2006," Introduction, 7.

127. Human Rights Watch Briefing Paper, "Managing Civil Society: Are NGO's Next," November 22, 2005, www.hrw.org/backgrounder/eca/russia1105.

128. Anthony Lake, Six Nightmares: Real Threats in a Dangerous World and How America Can Meet Them (Boston: Little Brown, 2000), 219.

129. David Rieff, At the Point of a Gun: Democratic Dreams and Armed Intervention (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), 116.

130. Human Rights Watch, "World Report 1998," Africa, 10.

131. Mahmood Mamdani, "Amnesty or Impunity? A Preliminary Critique of the Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa (TRC)," Diacritics 32, no. 34 (2002): 3359. See Mbeki's response for the ANC response, "Statement on the Report of the TRC Joint Sitting of the Houses of Parliament," February 15, 1999, http://www.anc.org.za/ancocs/history/mbeki/1999/tm0225.html, and Human Rights Watch's response urging Mbeki to "accept that the ANC had committed grave human rights abuses and that the justness of the ANC's cause could not serve to justify these abuses." "Decision to Deny ANC Leaders Amnesty Applauded," March 4, 1999, http://hrw.org/english/docs/1999/03/04/safric832_txt.htm.

132. Mahmood Mamdani, "Amnesty or Impunity?" 3359. Also see Mbeki's response for the ANC response, "Statement on the Report of the TRC Joint Sitting of the Houses of Parliament," February 15, 1999, http://www.anc.org.za/ancocs/history/mbeki/1999/tm0225.html.

133. Morton E. Winston, "a.s.sessing the Effectiveness of International Human Rights NGO's," in NGOs and Human Rights: Promise and Performance, ed. Claude E. Welch (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001), 33.

134. Aryeh Neier, Taking Liberties (New York: PublicAffairs, 2003), 335.

135. The following acts, when committed willfully and if they cause death or serious injury to body and health const.i.tute grave breaches: making the civilian population or individual civilians the object of attack; launching an indiscriminate attack affecting the civilian population or civilian objects in the knowledge that such attack will cause excessive loss of life, injury to civilians, or damage to civilian objects; launching an attack against works or installations containing dangerous forces in the knowledge that such an attack will cause excessive loss of life, injury to civilians, or damage to civilian objects; making nondefended localities and demilitarized zones the object of attack; making a person the object of an attack in the knowledge that he is hors de combat, and depriving a person protected by the conventions or by Protocol 1 of the rights of a fair and regular trial. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, sect. 5, chap. 3, "Holding the ANC Accountable," 651.

136. Jeremy Cronin, "Tutu's Report Tells the Truth, But Not the Whole Truth," Sunday Independent, November 1998, http://hrp.bard.edu/resources.

137. Ibid.

138. USAID, "Project grant agreement between the Republic of Rwanda and the United States of America for Democratic Initiative and Governance Project (DIG)," September 18, 1992. USAID Rwanda study, "Democratic Initiative and Governance," Project identification and doc.u.ment outline, April 1992, USAID website Rwanda file, no. 681; USAID Aid Mission to Rwanda, "Country Program Strategic Plan for Rwanda: Demographic, Political, and Economic Transition to the 21st Century," May 1992; USAID Bureau for Africa, "US Agency for International Development, Africa region: Compendium-a.s.sessment of Program Impact Reports for Fiscal Year 1991," June 1992; USAID, "Project Grant Agreement Between the Republic of Rwanda and the United States of America for Democratic Initiative and Governance Project (DIG)," September 1992.

139. For example, Gerard Prunier, The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995); Gerard Prunier, Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe (New York; Oxford University Press, 2009); Mahmood Mamdani, When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2002).

140. Gerard Prunier, Africa's World War.

141. As various observers have noted, the divide between Hutus and Tutsis was not nearly so sharply drawn; many Hutus who had worked with Tutsis were killed as well. See Mahmood Mamdani, When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda. In the 1990s the word "genocide" was applied only to the Hutus and not to the actions of the RPF's invading force from Uganda. In August 2010, however, a 600-page UN report raised the question of whether "crimes against humanity, war crimes, or even genocide" had been committed by the U.S.-backed Kagame regime against fleeing Rwandans and Congolese Hutus. See Chris McGreal, "Leaked UN Report Accuses Rwanda of Possible Genocide in Congo," The Guardian, August 26, 2010, 1, and Howard W. French, "U.N. Report on Congo Killings Questions Genocide Account," New York Times, August 28, 2010, A1.

142. USAID Rwanda study, ii. Also, USAID, "Project Grant Agreement Between the Republic of Rwanda and the United States of America."

143. USAID Mission to Rwanda, "Democratic Initiatives and Governance," September 18, 1992, i.

144. Ibid.

145. Ibid, ii. Also USAID, "Project Grant Agreement Between the Republic of Rwanda and the United States of America."

146. The panel was chaired by Sir Ketumile Masire (former president of Botswana), with Amadou Toumani Toure (former head of state of Mali) serving as vice chair. The other members of the panel were P. N. Bhagwati (former chief justice of the supreme court of India); Hocine Djoudi (former Algerian amba.s.sador to France); Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf (former Liberian government minister); Stephen Lewis (former amba.s.sador and permanent representative of Canada to the UN); and Lisbet Palme (Chairperson of the Swedish Committee for UNICEF, Expert on the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child).

147. Organization of Africa Unity, Rwanda: The Preventable Genocide, 4.21, www.africa-union.org/Official_doc.u.ments/.../Report_rowanda_genocide.pdf.

148. USAID, "Project Grant Agreement Between the Republic of Rwanda and the United States of America," 4.

149. Ibid., 11.

150. Ibid., 6.

151. Human Rights Watch, "World Report 1994," Africa, http://www.hrw.org/reports/1994/WR94/Africa.htm#PO-O (accessed June 18, 2007).

152. Alison Liebhafsky Des Forges, Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda, 1999, p. 47, http://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/rwanda/.

153. Gerard Prunier, Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe (New York: Oxford, 2009), x.x.xvi.

154. Organization of Africa Unity, Rwanda: The Preventable Genocide, 4.22.

155. Ibid., 5.21.

156. Ibid., 10.4.

157. Ibid., 7.29.

158. Bill Sutherland, Guns and Gandhi in Africa: Pan-African Insights on Nonviolence, Armed Struggle and Liberation (Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press, 2000), 74.

159. Alex De Waal, "Human Rights Organizations and the Political Imagination: How the West and Africa Have Diverged," Journal of Human Rights 2, no. 4 (December 2003); 484.

160. Ibid.

161. Issa G. Shivji, "Contradictory Developments in the Teaching and Practice of Human Rights Laws in Tanzania," Journal of African Law 35, no. 12 (1991): 116127.

162. Thomas Carothers, "Civil Society," http://www.strom.clemson.edu/becker/prtm320/Carothers.html.

163. Some CIA reports suggest the agency was well aware that the Tutsi invasion from Uganda would weaken the regime of President Habyarimana, lead to rising ethnic tensions as his power weakened, and likely result in "large-scale reprisals against Tutsis." Walter Barrows, NIO for Africa, http://www.foia.cia.gov to Deputy Director, CIA (accessed June 28, 2007).

164. Samantha Power, A Problem from h.e.l.l: America and the Age of Genocide (New York: Harper Perennial, 2007).