Ideal Illusions Part 10

29. Paul Bracken, Fire in the East: The Rise of Asian Military Power and the Second Nuclear Age (New York: Harper Perennial, 2000).

30. David Shambaugh in Chinese Foreign Policy: Theory and Practice, ed. David Shambaugh and Thomas W. Robinson (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 211.

31. Congressional Research Service, China's Foreign Policy and 'Soft Power' in South America, Asia, and Africa, Study prepared for the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, (April 2008), 2.

32. Senate Finance Committee, "Trade with China and Its Implications for U.S. Foreign Policy," March 23, 2000. Testimony by Robert Kagan.

33. Ibid. Testimony by Richard Perle.

34. Human Rights Watch, "World Report 1990," Introduction, http:www.hrw.org (hereafter HRWWS).

35. Human Rights Watch, "World Report 1989," Introduction, HRWWS.

36. Human Rights Watch, "World Report 1992," 2, HRWWS.

37. Human Rights Watch, "Annual Report 1991," HRWWS.

38. Ibid.

39. Human Rights Watch, "Asia Watch Overview," 1990, http://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1990/WR90/ASIA.BOU-04.htm#P353_85049. Eagleburger's quote is cited by Human Rights Watch.

40. George Bush and Brent Scowcroft, The World Transformed, 7.

41. The president's news conference, June 5, 1989, in the Weekly Compilation of Presidential Doc.u.ments (Washington: GPO, 1989), vol. 25, no. 3 (June 12, 1989), 839843.

42. A sampling of the Congressional Record from June 6, 1989 to June 12, 1989 provides hundreds of such invocations of the American Dream, the Chinese tyrants standing against the tide of democracy, and the ways the Chinese were fighting for "our ideals."

43. Senator Conrad in the Congressional Record 146, no. 111 (September 19, 2000): S 8667.

44. Senator Durbin in ibid.

45. Senator Hatch in ibid.

46. Senator Roth, Congressional Record 146, no. 106 (September 12, 2000): S 8375.

47. Senator Dodd, Congressional Record 146, no. 107 (September 13, 2000): S 8445.

48. Senator Jesse Helms, ibid.

49. Senator Paul Wellstone, Congressional Record (September 12, 2000).

50. Human Rights Watch, "Annual Report," 1998, Introduction, xxiii, HRWWS.

51. Human Rights Watch, "Report 1993," Introduction, http://www.hrw.org/legacy/worldreport/Intro97.htm#P1_0.

52. Money from the overseas Chinese community continued to pour into China even after 1989. For an overview of these trends, see Guotu Zhuang, "Trends of Overseas Chinese Business: Network in East Asia As Mirrored from Overseas Chinese Investment in Mainland China Since 1978," Ritsumeikan International Affairs 4 (2006): 123.

53. David C. Gompert, Right Makes Might: Freedom and Power in the Information Age (Washington, D.C.: Inst.i.tute for National Defense, 1998), 24.

54. Human Rights Watch, "Annual Report, 1989," HRWWS.

55. Senator Domenici, Congressional Record 146, no. 107 (September 13, 2000): S 8445.

56. William F. Schulz, In Our Own Best Interest: How Defending Human Rights Benefits Us All (Boston: Beacon Press, 2001), 103.

57. Harry Wu, "Permanent Normalized Trade Relations with the People's Republic of China," Hearing Before the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, 106th Cong., 2nd sess., April 11, 2000.

58. Senator Patrick Moynihan, Congressional Record 146, no. 106 (September 12, 2000).

59. Mike Jendrzejczyk, quoted in Steven Teles, "Public Opinion and Interest Groups in the Making of USChina Policy," The Domestic Sources of USChina Policy, ed. Robert Ross (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1998).

60. William Schulz, In Our Own Best Interest, 65.

61. Ibid., 7982.

62. As an example of this increasingly prominent tendency, see Lisa Misol, "Human Rights Watch Report," 2006, 41ff, http://www.cfr.org/publication/9667/human_rights_watch.html.

63. Minky Worden, Human Rights Watch, "Sleep Well: Nine 'Right' Things to Remember When Investing in Asia," September 19, 2005, HRWWS, http://hrw.org/english/doc/2005/09/13/china11732_txt.htm (accessed January 31, 2006).

64. Aryeh Neier, Taking Liberties, 284.

65. July 2002 report to Congress of the U.S.China Security Review Commission, 42, http://www.uscc.gov/researchpapers/2000_2003/reports/anrp02.htm.

66. Tom Porteous, London director, Human Rights Watch, "Miliband's Moment of Truth," Guardian Unlimited, February 24, 2008.

67. The Tibetan Policy Act was part of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act for Fiscal Years 2002 and 2003 (HR 1646).

68. Szu Cheng, "US's New Approach to Hong Kong Politics," Bauhinia Magazine, June 2006, and Zach Coleman, "Democracy by Stealth," The Standard (Hong Kong), September 4, 2004.

69. Jonathan Spence, To Change China: Western Advisers in China, 16201960 (New York: Penguin Books, 1980), 291, 290.

70. Ibid., 290.

71. Department of State, East Asia and Pacific, Supporting Human Rights and Democracy: The U.S. Record 20042005, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/shrd/2004/43109.htm.

72. Human Rights in China website, http://china.hrw.org/timeline/2005/devastating_blows/acknowledgements.

73. Human Rights in China, "Funding the Rule of Law and Civil Society," 2003, no. 3, www.hrichina.org/public/PDFs/CRF.3.2003/funding3.2003.pdf.

74. USAID Budget Justification, 2003, Office of Democracy and Governance, www.usaid.gov/pubs/cbj2003/cent_prog/dcha/dg.html. Also USAID quoted in Human Rights in China, "Funding the Rule of Law and Civil Society."

75. Ibid., 25.

76. Yue Jianyong, "The United States and China in the Age of Globalization," Chinese Political Science, July 27, 2003, http://www.uscc.gov/researchpapers/2004/04_05_12editedusandchinaglobalization.htm.

77. Ru Guangrong, "The Negative Impact of the Internet and Its Solutions," The Chinese Defense Science and Technology Information Monthly 121, no. 5 (1998).

78. Aryeh Neier, Human Rights Watch World Report 1989, Introduction, 2, http://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1989/WR89/Introduc.htm#TopOfPage.

79. Robin Munro, Asia Watch, Human Rights in China After Martial Law: Punishment Season (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1990), 72.

80. Ibid., 7273, 75.

81. Norris Smith, "Communications Within and with China," in Raymond D. Gastil, Freedom in the World: Political Rights and Civil Liberties, 19831984 (Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood Press, 1984), 292293.

82. Ibid., 293.

83. Catharin E. Dalpino, Deferring Democracy (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Inst.i.tution Press, 2000). See particularly chapter 4: "Radicals and Radios: The U.S. Response to Authoritarian Regimes."

84. Ibid.

85. NSA, "The USSR and China at the Summit: Common Goals, Enduring Differences, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, DDRS.

86. Bureau of Intelligence Research Report, July 25, 1990, DDRS.

87. Ibid.

88. Ibid.

89. Other funded journals included The Chinese Intellectual, Press Freedom Guardian, and The New Era. There was also funding for numerous inst.i.tutes: the China Strategic Inst.i.tute for publications on const.i.tutional reform in China, the Princeton Initiative set up as a center for exiled dissident Chinese intellectuals, the Foundation for China to work for Taiwan's democratic development. The list is a lengthy one. Other grants went for publication of articles and work about Tibet: the Tibet Fund, the International Campaign for Tibet, the Tibet Multimedia Center, the Tibetan Young Buddhist a.s.sociation, the Political Defiance Committee. Not all these publications have survived; others have emerged. The NED, set amid an overlapping world of foundations and organizations, has been tied to a remarkable number of them.

90. Human Rights Watch states that Human Rights in China is a separate organization, separately incorporated, funded, and staffed. Historically, Human Rights Watch had initially given s.p.a.ce to Human Rights in China, Teodor Stan, "Where Are We on Human Rights in China?" An interview with Robert L. Bernstein, Bard Politik: The Bard Journal of Global Affairs, vol. 3 (Spring 2003), 22. Reports also have been coauth.o.r.ed. See Human Rights in China/Human Rights Watch/Asia, "China: Whose Security? State Security in China's New Criminal Code," April 1997, vol. 9, no. 4, http:www.hrw.org/reports/1997/china5.

91. These NED figures, along with a detailed quant.i.tative a.n.a.lysis, are in Eric T. Hale, "A Quant.i.tative and Qualitative Evaluation of the National Endowment of Democracy, 19901999" (Ph.D. diss., Louisana State University, 2001), 173184.

92. Edgar Snow, Journey to the Beginning (New York: Vintage, 1972) and Edgar Snow's China: A Personal Account of the Chinese Revolution, ed. Lois Wheeler Snow (New York: Random House, 1981).

93. James Lilley, "U.S. Consideration of Permanent Normal Trade Relations with China," Hearing of the Senate Finance Committee on U.S. Trade with China, March 23, 2000, 70.

94. Human Rights Watch, "World Report," 2003, China, 97, http://www.hrw.org/legacy/wr2k3/asia4.html.

95. Human Rights Watch, "Nipped in the Bud: Suppression of the China Democracy Party," September 1, 2000, http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6a8730.html.

96. Messages from Chairman Wanjun Xie of the Chinese Democracy Party, December 28, 2007, http://www.cdpweb.org/english/.

97. Human Rights Watch, "World Report," 2006, China and Tibet, HRWWS.

98. Ta Kung Pao editorial says Human Rights Watch report "repugnant to HK people," September 10, 2004.

99. Spence, To Change China, 291292.

100. T. k.u.mar, advocacy director for Asia, Amnesty USA, House Committee on International Relations, "Human Rights in China," January 20, 1999.

101. Roberta Cohen, "People's Republic of China," 541.

102. Bill Clinton, "Why I'm Going to China," Newsweek, June 1998, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/newsweek/why.htm.

103. Ibid.

104. Sharon K. Hom, executive director, Human Rights in China, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, "Reframing China Policy, U.S. Engagement and Human Rights in China," March 5, 2007, http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/Hom_paper.pdf.

105. Catharin Dalpino, House Subcommittee on Internal Operations and Human Rights, March 7, 2001, http://www.brook.edu/printmme.ebs?page=/pagedefs/9333cca490edff3a7a61f2980a14165.xml.

106. Thomas J. Christensen, "China's Role in the World: Is China a Responsible Stakeholder?" U.S.China Economic and Security Review Commission, August 3, 2006, http://www.nbr.org/publications/asia_policy/AP4/AP4%20Garrison.pdf.

107. Roberta Cohen, "People's Republic of China," 536.

108. Sharon Horn, "Reframing China Policy."

109. Thomas J. Christensen, "China's Role in the World."

110. Richard Hofstadter, Anti-Intellectualism in American Life (New York: Vintage, 1966) and Louis J. Hartz, The Liberal Tradition in America: An Interpretation of American Political Thought Since the Revolution (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1955) suggest the wide-ranging concerns with America's lack of intellectual sophistication and "maturity."

111. Thomas Friedman, "Deal with China Urged by Bentsen; Treasury Chief Is Conciliatory Toward Beijing on Rights," New York Times, March 20, 1994, 20.

112. Jack Belden, China Shakes the World (New York: Harper, 1949), 467.

113. Ibid., 498499.

114. Roberta Cohen, "People's Republic of China, 467.

115. Human Rights Watch, "World Report 2007," 12, HRWWS.

116. Amnesty International, The 1994 World Report on Human Rights Around the World, India (London: Hunter House, 1994), 157.

117. Human Rights Watch, World Report 2006, China (New York: Human Rights Watch and Seven Stories Press, 2006), 244.

118. Human Rights Watch, "Annual Report, 2009," India, http://www.hrw.org/en/node/79327.

119. Department of State, India: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, March 4, 2002, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/sa/8230.htm.

120. Department of State, China: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, March 6, 2007, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78771.htm.

121. Department of State, India: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 2003, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27947.htm.

122. John Kenneth Knaus, Orphans of the Cold War: America and the Tibetan Struggle for Survival (New York: PublicAffairs, 1999).

123. Human Rights Watch, "China-India: Letter to Indian Prime Minister About Upcoming Visit of Chinese President, November 16, 2006, www.hrw.org/.../china-india-letter-indian-prime-minister-about-upcoming-visit-chinese-president.

124. Ibid.

125. Amba.s.sador Sha Zukang, quoted in Hong Kong Wen Wei Po, "Interviews PRC Amba.s.sador on Defeat of US-China Human Rights Resolution," April 17, 2004.

126. WWP interviews PRC amba.s.sador on defeat of US's China Human Rights Resolution, Hong Kong Wen Wei Po in Chinese, April 17, 2004, World News Connection database (henceforth WNC).

127. Yue Jianyong, "The United States and China in the Age of Globalization," Chinese Political Science (July 27, 2003), http://www.uscc.gov/researchpapers/2004/04_05_12editedusandchinaglobalization.htm.

128. Ibid.