History of the Reformation in the Sixteenth Century Volume I Part 33

CHAP. X.

Popular Writings--Our Father--Thy Kingdom Come--Thy Will be Done--Our Daily Bread--Sermon on Repentance--Forgiveness through Christ.

Such were the struggles which the champion of the word of G.o.d had to maintain at the outset of his career. But these combats with the leaders of society, these academical disputes, are of small account with the Christian. Human doctors imagine they have gained the n.o.blest of triumphs if they succeed in filling some newspapers and some saloons with the noise of their systems. As it is with them more an affair of self-love, or party spirit, than of good to humanity, this worldly success satisfies them. Accordingly, their labours are only a smoke, which, after blinding us, pa.s.ses off and leaves no trace behind. Neglecting to introduce their fire among the ma.s.ses of the population, they do nothing more than make it skim along the surface of society.

It is not so with the Christian. His object is not success in a coterie, or an academy, but the salvation of souls. He therefore willingly avoids the brilliant skirmishing, which he might carry on at his ease with the champions of the world, and prefers the obscure labours which carry life and light into rural cottages, and the lanes of cities. Thus did Luther, or rather according to the precept of his Master, _he did the one, without leaving the other undone_. While combating inquisitors, university chancellors, and masters of the sacred palace, he strove to diffuse sound religious knowledge among the mult.i.tude. With that view, he at this time published different popular writings, such as his _Discourses on the Ten Commandments_, delivered two years before in the church of Wittemberg, and which we have already noticed; and his _Exposition of the Lord's Prayer, for simple and ignorant laymen_.[447] Who would not like to know how the Reformer then addressed the people?

[447] Luth. Op. Leips. vii, p. 1086.

We will quote some of the words which he sent, as he says, in the preface to the second of these works, "to course the country."

Prayer, that inward act of the heart, will doubtless ever be one of the points with which a reformation in heart and life must commence, and, accordingly, it early engaged the attention of Luther. It is impossible, in a translation, to keep up his energetic style, and the vigour of a language which was formed so to speak, as it fell from his pen; however, we will try.

"When you pray," says he, "have few words, but many thoughts and affections, and, above all, let these be profound. The less you speak, the better you pray. Few words and many thoughts make the Christian, many words and few thoughts, the pagan.

"Seeming and bodily prayer is that muttering of the lips, that external babble, which comes forth without attention, striking the eyes and ears of men; but prayer in spirit and in truth is the inward desire, the emotions, and sighs which proceed from the depths of the heart. The former is the prayer of hypocrites, and of all who trust in themselves. The latter is the prayer of the children of G.o.d, who walk in his fear."

Then coming to the first words of our Lord's Prayer, "Our Father," he thus expresses himself:--"Among all the names of G.o.d, there is none which inclines more toward him than the name of Father. We should not have so much happiness and consolation in calling him Lord, or G.o.d, or Judge.... By this name of father his bowels of compa.s.sion are moved; for there is no voice more lovely or touching than that of a child to its father.

"_Who art in heaven._ He who confesses that he has a Father in heaven owns himself to be, as it were, an orphan on the earth. Hence his heart feels an ardent desire like that of a child living out of its father's country, among strangers, in wretchedness and sorrow. It is as if he said, 'Alas! my father! thou art in heaven, and I, thy miserable child, am on the earth, far from thee, in all sorts of dangers, necessities, and sorrows.'

"_Hallowed be thy name!_ He who is pa.s.sionate and envious, who curses or slanders, dishonours G.o.d, in whose name he was baptized. Applying the vessel which G.o.d has consecrated to profane uses, he resembles a priest who should use the holy cup to give drink to a sow, or to gather manure.

"_Thy kingdom come._ Those who ama.s.s wealth, who erect magnificent buildings, who seek after all that the world can give, and with the lips repeat this prayer, are like the large pipes of a church organ, which sounds and cries at full pitch, and without ceasing, but has neither words, nor sense, nor reason."...

Farther on, Luther attacks the error of pilgrimages, which was then so general. "One goes to Rome, another to St. James; one builds a chapel, another founds an endowment, in order to reach the kingdom of G.o.d; but all neglect the essential point, which is to become themselves his kingdom. Why do you go beyond seas in quest of the kingdom of G.o.d?...

Your heart is the place in which it ought to rise.

"It is a dreadful thing," continues he, "to hear us utter this prayer, '_Thy will be done_.' Where in the Church do we see this will done?...

Bishop rises against bishop, and church against church. Priests, monks, and nuns, quarrel and fight; throughout there is nothing but discord. And yet all parties exclaim that they have a good will and an upright intention; and so to the honour and glory of G.o.d they altogether do the work of the devil....

"Why do we say _our bread_?" continues he, "explaining these words, "_Give us this day our daily bread_." "Because we pray, not for the ordinary bread which pagans eat, and which G.o.d gives to all men, but for _our_ bread--bread to us, children of the heavenly Father.

"And what, then, is this bread of G.o.d? It is Jesus Christ our Lord; '_I am the living bread which came down from heaven, and give life to the world_.' Wherefore let us not deceive ourselves. Sermons and instructions which do not represent to us, or give us the knowledge of Jesus Christ, cannot be the daily bread and food of our souls....

"What avails it that such a bread is prepared for us, if it is not served out to us, and we cannot taste it?... It is as if a magnificent feast were prepared, and there were n.o.body to hand the bread, bring the dishes, and pour out the liquor; so that the guests would be left to feed by the eye and the smell.... This is the reason why it is necessary to preach Christ, and Christ alone.

"But what, then, you ask, is it to know Jesus Christ, and what profit is gained by it? Answer:--To learn to know Jesus Christ is to comprehend what the Apostle says--_Christ has of G.o.d been made unto us wisdom, and righteousness, and sanctification, and redemption_. Now, you comprehend this when you perceive that your wisdom is culpable folly, your righteousness d.a.m.nable iniquity, your holiness d.a.m.nable pollution, your redemption miserable condemnation--when you feel that, before G.o.d and all the creatures, you are truly a fool, a sinner, an impure and condemned man--and when you show, not only by your words, but from the bottom of your heart, and by your works, that there remains to you no comfort and no salvation, save Jesus Christ. To believe is nothing else than to eat this bread of heaven."

Thus Luther faithfully fulfilled his resolution to open the eyes of a people whom priests had blindfolded, and were leading at their pleasure. His writings, which in a short time spread over all Germany, caused new light to arise, and shed the seeds of truth in abundance on a soil well prepared to receive it. But while thinking of those at a distance, he did not forget those who were near.

The dominicans from their pulpits denounced him as an infamous heretic. Luther, the man of the people, and who, had he been so disposed, could with a few sentences have set them in commotion, always disdained such triumphs, and made it his sole aim to instruct his hearers.

His reputation, which was continually extending, and the courage with which he raised the banner of Christ in the midst of an enslaved Church, made his sermons be followed with increasing interest. Never had the confluence been so great. Luther went straight to the point.

One day, having mounted the pulpit of Wittemberg, he undertook to establish the doctrine of repentance. The discourse p.r.o.nounced on this occasion afterwards became very celebrated, and contains several of the fundamental principles of evangelical doctrine.

At first he contrasts the pardon of men with the pardon of heaven.

"There are," says he, "two remissions--the remission of the penalty, and the remission of the fault. The former reconciles man externally with the Church; the latter, which is the heavenly indulgence, reconciles man with G.o.d. If a man has not within himself that tranquil conscience, that cheerful heart which G.o.d's remission gives, no indulgence can aid him were he to buy all that ever have been on the earth."

He afterwards continues thus: "They wish to do good works before their sins are pardoned, whereas sins must be pardoned before good works can be done. Works do not banish sin; but banish sin, and you will have works.[448] Good works should be done with a cheerful heart and a good conscience toward G.o.d; in other words, with the forgiveness of sins."

[448] "Nicht die Werke treiben die Sunde aus; sondern die Anstreibung der Sunde thut gute Werke," (Luth. Op. (Lat.) xvii, p. 162.)

He then comes to the princ.i.p.al object of his sermon, an object which was identified with that of the whole Reformation. The Church had put herself in the place of G.o.d and his word; he objects to this, and makes every thing depend on faith in the word.

"The remission of the fault," says he, "is not in the power of the pope, or the bishop, or the priest, or any man whatever, but rests solely on the word of Christ, and your own faith. For Christ did not choose to build our comfort or our salvation on a word or work of man, but only on himself, on his own work and word. Your repentance and your works may deceive you, but Christ your G.o.d will never deceive, will never waver; and the devil cannot overthrow his words."[449]

[449] "Christus dein Gott wird dir nicht lugen: noch w.a.n.ken." (Ibid.)

"A pope or a bishop has no more power than the humblest priest where the remission of the fault is in question. And even where there is no priest, each Christian, were it a woman or a child,[450] can do the same thing. For if a simple Christian says to you, 'G.o.d pardons sin in the name of Jesus Christ,' and you receive the saying with firm faith, as if G.o.d himself had spoken, you are acquitted.

[450] "Ob es schon ein Weib oder ein kind ware." (Ibid.)

"If you believe not that your sins are pardoned, you make your G.o.d a liar, and declare that you put greater confidence in your vain thoughts than in G.o.d and his word.

"Under the Old Testament neither priest, nor king, nor prophet, had power to proclaim the forgiveness of sins; but under the New Testament every believer has this power. The Church is quite replete with the remission of sins.[451] If a pious Christian comforts your conscience by the word of the cross, be it man or woman, young or old, receive the comfort with a faith so firm, that you would sooner submit to many deaths than doubt that it is ratified in the presence of G.o.d....

Repent, and do all the works that you can do; but let the faith which you have in the pardon of Jesus Christ stand in the front rank, and have sole command on the field of battle."[452]

[451] "Also siehst du da.s.s die ganze Kirche voll von Vergebung der Suden ist." (Ibid.)

[452] "Und Hauptmann im Felde bleibe." (Ibid.)

Thus spoke Luther to his astonished and enraptured hearers. All the scaffoldings which impudent priests had, for their own profit, reared between G.o.d and the soul of man, were thrown down, and man brought face to face with his Maker. The word of pardon came down pure from on high, without pa.s.sing through a thousand corrupting channels. It was no longer necessary that the testimony of G.o.d, in order to be available, should previously be stamped by men with their false seal.

The monopoly of the sacerdotal caste was abolished, and the Church emanc.i.p.ated.

CHAP. XI.

Apprehensions of Luther's friends--Journey to Heidelberg--Bibra--The Palatine Castle--Rupture--The Paradoxes--Dispute--The Hearers--Bucer--Brentz--Snepf--Conversations with Luther--Labours of the Young Doctors--Effects on Luther--The Old Professor--The True Light--Arrival.

Meanwhile, the fire which had been kindled at Wittemberg behoved to be kindled elsewhere. Luther, not contented with announcing the truth in the place of his residence, whether to the academic youth or to the people, was desirous to shed the seeds of sound doctrine in other places. The Augustin order were to hold their general chapter at Heidelberg, in the spring of 1518. Luther, as one of the most distinguished men of the order, was invited to attend; but his friends did all they could to dissuade him from undertaking the journey. In fact, the monks had laboured to render the name of Luther odious in all the places through which he had to pa.s.s. To insult they had added threatening; and a small matter might have sufficed to excite a popular tumult of which he might have been made the victim. "Or even,"

said his friends, "what they may not dare to do by violence, they will accomplish by fraud and stratagem."[453] But in the discharge of a duty, Luther did not allow himself to be arrested by the fear of any danger, however imminent. He therefore turned a deaf ear to the timid suggestions of his friends, and directed them to Him in whom his confidence was placed, and under whose protection he desired to undertake the perilous journey. After the feast of Easter he quietly set out on foot,[454] on the 13th April 1518.

[453] Ibid., Ep. i, p. 98.

[454] "Pedester veniam." I will come on foot. (Luth., Ep. i, p. 98.)

He had with him a guide named Urban, who carried his small bundle, and was to accompany him as far as Wurzburg. How many thoughts must have occupied the heart of the servant of the Lord during this journey! At Weissenfels, the pastor, though not of his acquaintance, instantly recognised him as the doctor of Wittemberg, and gave him a hearty reception.[455] At Erfurt, he was joined by two other Augustin friars.

At Judenbach, the three fell in with Degenard Pfeffinger, the Elector's confidential councillor, who entertained them at the inn. "I have had the pleasure," wrote Luther to Spalatin, "of making this rich lord some shillings poorer. You know how I like to take every occasion of making a hole in the purses of the rich for the benefit of the poor, especially if the rich are my friends."[456] He arrived at Coburg, worn out with fatigue. "All goes well by the grace of G.o.d,"

wrote he; "only, I confess I have sinned in undertaking the journey on foot. But for this sin I presume I will have no need of the remission of indulgences, for my contrition is perfect, and my satisfaction complete. I am knocked up with fatigue, and all the conveyances are full. Is not this enough, or rather more than enough of penitence, contrition, and satisfaction?"[457]

[455] Ibid., p. 105.

[456] Ibid., p. 104.