History of the Reformation in the Sixteenth Century Volume V Part 36

Ibid. p. 127.

[Sidenote: HENRY'S REPLY.]

We may imagine Henry's wrath as he read this letter. "What!" said he, "does this apostate monk dare print a letter addressed to us, without having even sent it, or at the least without knowing if we have ever received it?... And as if that were not enough, he insinuates that we are among his partisans.... He wins over also one or two wretches, born in our kingdom, and engages them to translate the New Testament into English, adding thereto certain prefaces and poisonous glosses."

Thus spoke Henry. The idea that his name should be a.s.sociated with that of the Wittemberg monk called all the blood into his face. He will reply right royally to such unblushing impudence. He summoned Wolsey forthwith. "Here!" said he, pointing to a pa.s.sage concerning the prelate, "here! read what is said of you!" And then he read aloud: "_Illud monstrum et public.u.m odium Dei et hominum, cardinalis Eboracensis, pestis illa regni tui_. You see, my lord, you are a _monster_, an object of _hatred_ both to G.o.d and man, the _scourge_ of my kingdom!" The king had hitherto allowed the bishops to do as they pleased, and observed a sort of neutrality. He now determined to lay it aside and begin a crusade against the Gospel of Jesus Christ, but he must first answer this impertinent letter. He consulted Sir Thomas More, shut himself in his closet, and dictated to his secretary a reply to the reformer: "You are ashamed of the book you have written against me," he said, "I would counsel you to be ashamed of all that you have written. They are full of disgusting errors and frantic heresies; and are supported by the most audacious obstinacy. Your venemous pen mocks the church, insults the fathers, abuses the saints, despises the apostles, dishonours the holy virgin, and blasphemes G.o.d, by making him the author of evil.... And after all that, you claim to be an author whose like does not exist in the world!"[639]

[639] Tantus autor haberi postulas, quantus nec hodie quisquam sit.

Cochlaeus, p. 127.

"You offer to publish a book in my praise.... I thank you!... You will praise me most by abusing me; you will dishonour me beyond measure if you praise me. I say with Seneca: _Tam turpe tibi sit laudari a turpibus, quam si lauderis ob turpia_."[640]

[640] Let it be as disgraceful to you to be praised by the vile, as if you were praised for vile deeds.

This letter, written by the _king of the English to the king of the heretics_,[641] was immediately circulated throughout England bound up with Luther's epistle. Henry, by publishing it, put his subjects on their guard against the _unfaithful_ translations of the New Testament, which were besides about to be burnt everywhere. "The grapes seem beautiful," he said, "but beware how you wet your lips with the wine made from them, for the adversary hath mingled poison with it."

[641] Rex Anglorum Regi haereticorum scribit. Strype, Mem. i. p. 91.

The t.i.tle of the pamphlet was _Litterarum quibus invictus Pr. Henricus VIII. etc. etc. respondit ad quandam Epistolam M. Lutheri ad se missam_.

[Sidenote: LUTHER'S FIRMNESS.]

Luther, agitated by this rude lesson, tried to excuse himself. "I said to myself, _There are twelve hours in the day_. Who knows? perhaps I may find one lucky hour to gain the King of England. I therefore laid my humble epistle at his feet; but alas! the swine have torn it. I am willing to be silent ... but as regards my doctrine, I cannot impose silence on it. It must cry aloud, it must bite. If any king imagines he can make me retract my faith, he is a dreamer. So long as one drop of blood remains in my body, I shall say no. Emperors, kings, the devil, and even the whole universe, cannot frighten me when faith is concerned. I claim to be proud, very proud, exceedingly proud. If my doctrine had no other enemies than the king of England, Duke George, the pope and their allies, all these soap-bubbles ... one little prayer would long ago have worsted them all. Where are Pilate, Herod, and Caiaphas now? Where are Nero, Domitian, and Maximilian? Where are Arius, Pelagius, and Manes?--Where are they?... Where all our scribes and all our tyrants will soon be.--But Christ? Christ is the same always.

"For a thousand years the Holy Scriptures have not shone in the world with so much brightness as now.[642] I wait in peace for my last hour; I have done what I could. O princes, my hands are clean from your blood; it will fall on your own heads."

[642] Als in tausend Jahren nicht gewesen ist. Luth. Opp. xix. p. 501.

Bowing before the supreme royalty of Jesus Christ, Luther spoke thus boldly to King Henry, who contested the rights of the word of G.o.d.

A letter written against the reformer was not enough for the bishops.

Profiting by the wound Luther had inflicted on Henry's self-esteem, they urged him to put down this revolt of the human understanding, which threatened (as they averred) both the popedom and the monarchy.

They commenced the persecution. Latimer was summoned before Wolsey, but his learning and presence of mind procured his dismissal. Bilney also, who had been ordered to London, received an injunction not to preach _Luther's doctrines_. "I will not preach Luther's doctrines, if there are any peculiar to him," he said; "but I can and I must preach the doctrine of Jesus Christ, although Luther should preach it too."

And finally Garret, led into the presence of his judges, was seized with terror, and fell before the cruel threats of the bishop. When restored to liberty, he fled from place to place,[643] endeavouring to hide his sorrow, and to escape from the despotism of the priests, awaiting the moment when he should give his life for Jesus Christ.

[643] Foxe, v. p. 428.

[Sidenote: BARNES ESCAPES.]

The adversaries of the Reformation were not yet satisfied. The New Testament continued to circulate, and depots were formed in several convents. Barnes, a prisoner in the Augustine monastery in London, had regained his courage, and loved his Bible more and more. One day about the end of September, as three or four friends were reading in his chamber, two simple peasants, John Tyball and Thomas Hilles, natives of b.u.mpstead in Ess.e.x, came in. "How did you come to a knowledge of the truth?" asked Barnes. They drew from their pockets some old volumes containing the Gospels, and a few of the Epistles in English.

Barnes returned them with a smile. "They are nothing," he told them, "in comparison with the new edition of the New Testament,"[644] a copy of which the two peasants bought for three shillings and two-pence.

"Hide it carefully," said Barnes. When this came to the ears of the clergy, Barnes was removed to Northampton to be burnt at the stake; but he managed to escape; his friends reported that he was drowned; and while strict search was making for him during a whole week along the sea-coast, he secretly went on board a ship, and was carried to Germany. "The cardinal will catch him even now," said the bishop of London, "whatever amount of money it may cost him." When Barnes was told of this, he remarked: "I am a poor simple wretch, not worth the tenth penny they will give for me. Besides, if they burn me, what will they gain by it?... The sun and the moon, fire and water, the stars and the elements--yea, and also stones shall defend this cause against them, _rather than the truth should perish_." Faith had returned to Barnes's feeble heart.

[644] Which books he did little regard, and made a twit of it.

Tyball's Confession in Bible Annals. i. p. 184.

His escape added fuel to the wrath of the clergy. They proclaimed, throughout the length and breadth of England, that the Holy Scriptures contained an _infectious poison_,[645] and ordered a general search after the word of G.o.d. On the 24th of October, 1526, the bishop of London enjoined on his archdeacons to seize all translations of the New Testament in English with or without glosses; and, a few days later, the archbishop of Canterbury issued a mandate against all the books which should contain "any particle of the New Testament."[646]

The primate remembered that a spark was sufficient to kindle a large fire.

[645] Libri pestiferum virus in se continentes, in promiscuam provinciae Cant. mult.i.tudinem sunt dispersi. (Wilkins, Concilia, iii.

p. 706.) Books containing an infectious poison are scattered in all directions through the diocese of Canterbury.

[646] Vel aliquam ejus particulam. Ibid.

[Sidenote: ROY'S SATIRE.]

On hearing of this order, William Roy, a sarcastic writer, published a violent satire, in which figured _Judas_ (Standish), _Pilate_ (Wolsey), and _Caiaphas_ (Tonstall). The author exclaimed with energy:

G.o.d, of his goodness, grudged not to die, Man to deliver from deadly d.a.m.nation; Whose will is, that we should know perfectly What he here hath done for our salvation.

O cruel Caiaphas! full of crafty conspiration, How durst thou give them false judgment To burn G.o.d's word--the Holy Testament.[647]

[647] Satire of W. Roy, printed in the Harl. Misc., vol. ix, p. 77, (ed. 1809).

The efforts of Caiaphas and his colleagues were indeed useless: the priests were undertaking a work beyond their strength. If by some terrible revolution all social forms should be destroyed in the world, the living church of the elect, a divine inst.i.tution in the midst of human inst.i.tutions, would still exist by the power of G.o.d, like a rock in the midst of the tempest, and would transmit to future generations the seeds of Christian life and civilization. It is the same with the word, the creative principle of the church. It cannot perish here below. The priests of England had something to learn on this matter.

While the agents of the clergy were carrying out the archiepiscopal mandate, and a merciless search was making everywhere for the New Testaments from Worms, a new edition was discovered, fresh from the press, of a smaller and more portable, and consequently more dangerous size. It was printed by Christopher Eyndhoven of Antwerp, who had consigned it to his correspondents in London. The annoyance of the priests was extreme, and Hackett, the agent of Henry VIII in the Low Countries, immediately received orders to get this man punished. "We cannot deliver judgment without inquiry into the matter," said the lords of Antwerp; "we will therefore have the book translated into Flemish." "G.o.d forbid," said Hackett in alarm, "What! would you also on your side of the ocean translate this book into the language of the people?" "Well then," said one of the judges, less conscientious than his colleagues, "let the king of England send us a copy of each of the books he has burnt, and we will burn them likewise." Hackett wrote to Wolsey for them, and as soon as they arrived the court met again.

Eyndhoven's counsel called upon the prosecutor to point out the _heresies_ contained in the volume. The margrave (an officer of the imperial government) shrank from the task, and said to Hackett, "I give up the business!" The charge against Eyndhoven was dismissed.

[Sidenote: LAW AND LIBERTY.]

Thus did the Reformation awaken in Europe the slumbering spirit of law and liberty. By enfranchising thought from the yoke of popery, it prepared the way for other enfranchis.e.m.e.nts; and by restoring the authority of the word of G.o.d, it brought back the reign of the law among nations long the prey of turbulent pa.s.sions and arbitrary power.

Then, as at all times, religious society forestalled civil society, and gave it those two great principles of order and liberty, which popery compromises or annuls. It was not in vain that the magistrates of a Flemish city, enlightened by the first dawn of the Reformation, set so n.o.ble an example; the English, who were very numerous in the Hanse Towns, thus learnt once more the value of that civil and religious liberty which is the time-honoured right of England, and of which they were in after-years to give other nations the so much needed lessons.

"Well then," said Hackett, who was annoyed at their setting the law above his master's will, "I will go and buy all these books, and send them to the cardinal, that he may burn them." With these words he left the court. But his anger evaporating,[648] he set off for Malines to complain to the regent and her council of the Antwerp decision.

"What!" said he, "you punish those who circulate false money, and you will not punish still more severely the man who coins it?--in this case, he is the printer." "But that is just the point in dispute,"

they replied; "we are not sure the money is _false_."--"How can it be otherwise," answered Henry's agent, "since the bishops of England have declared it so?" The imperial government, which was not very favourably disposed towards England, ratified Eyndhoven's acquittal, but permitted Hackett to burn all the copies of the New Testament he could seize. He hastened to profit by this concession, and began hunting after the Holy Scriptures, while the priests eagerly came to his a.s.sistance. In their view, as well as in that of their English colleagues, the supreme decision in matter of faith rested not with the word of G.o.d but with the pope; and the best means of securing this privilege to the pontiff was to reduce the Bible to ashes.

[648] My choler was descended. Anderson's Annals of the Bible, i, p.

129.

Notwithstanding these trials, the year 1526 was a memorable one for England. The English New Testament had been circulated from the sh.o.r.es of the Channel to the borders of Scotland, and the Reformation had begun in that island by the word of G.o.d. The revival of the sixteenth century was in no country less than in England the emanation of a royal mandate. But G.o.d, who had disseminated the Scriptures over Britain, in defiance of the rulers of the nation, was about to make use of their pa.s.sions to remove the difficulties which opposed the final triumph of his plans. We here enter upon a new phasis in the history of the Reformation; and having studied the work of G.o.d in the faith of the little ones, we proceed to contemplate the work of man in the intrigues of the great ones of the earth.

CHAPTER V.

Wolsey desires to be revenged--The Divorce suggested--Henry's Sentiments towards the Queen--Wolsey's first Steps--Longland's Proceedings--Refusal of Margaret of Valois--Objection of the Bishop of Tarbes--Henry's uneasiness--Catherine's Alarm--Mission to Spain.

[Sidenote: WOLSEY DESIRES TO BE REVENGED.]

[Sidenote: THE DIVORCE SUGGESTED.]

Wolsey, mortified at not being able to obtain the pontifical throne, to which he had so ardently aspired, and being especially irritated by the ill-will of Charles V, meditated a plan which, entirely unsuspected by him, was to lead to the enfranchis.e.m.e.nt of England from the papal yoke. "They laugh at me, and thrust me into the second rank," he had exclaimed. "So be it! I will create such a confusion in the world as has not been seen for ages.... I will do it, even should England be swallowed up in the tempest!"[649] Desirous of exciting imperishable hatred between Henry VIII and Charles V, he had undertaken to break the marriage which Henry VII and Ferdinand the Catholic had planned to unite for ever their families and their crowns. His hatred of Charles was not his only motive. Catherine had reproached him for his dissolute life,[650] and he had sworn to be revenged. There can be no doubt about Wolsey's share in the matter.

"The _first terms_ of the divorce were put forward by me," he told the French amba.s.sador. "I did it," he added, "to cause a lasting separation between the houses of England and Burgundy."[651] The best informed writers of the sixteenth century, men of the most opposite parties, Pole, Polydore, Virgil, Tyndale, Meteren, Pallavicini, Sanders, and Roper, More's son-in-law, all agree in pointing to Wolsey as the instigator of that divorce, which has become so famous.[652] He desired to go still farther, and after inducing the king to put away his queen, he hoped to prevail on the pope to depose the emperor.[653]

It was not his pa.s.sion for Anne Boleyn, as so many of the Romish fabulists have repeated; but the pa.s.sion of a cardinal for the triple crown which gave the signal of England's emanc.i.p.ation. Offended pride is one of the most active principles of human nature.

[649] Sandoval, i. p. 350. Ranke, Deutsche Gesch. iii. p. 17.

[650] Malos oderat mores. (Polyd. Virg. p. 685.) She hated his depraved habits.