History of the Reformation in the Sixteenth Century Volume III Part 65

[Sidenote: THE FRENCH AT BASLE--ENCOURAGED BY THE SWISS.]

The exertions of the friends of the Gospel in France were paralyzed.

The men in power were beginning to show their hostility to Christianity; Margaret was growing alarmed; terrible news would soon be coming across the Alps and plunging the nation into mourning, filling it with one thought only--of saving the king, of saving France. But if the Christians of Lyons were checked in their labours, were there not soldiers at Basle who had escaped from the battle and who were ready to begin the fight again. The exiles from France have never forgotten her. Driven from their country for nearly three centuries by the fanaticism of Rome, their latest descendants have been seen carrying to the cities and fields of their ancestors those treasures of which the pope still deprives them.[995] At the very moment when the soldiers of Christ in France were mournfully laying down their arms, the refugees at Basle were preparing for the combat.

As they saw the monarchy of Saint Louis and of Charlemagne falling from the hands of Francis I., shall they not feel urged to lay hold of _a kingdom which cannot be moved_.[996]

[995] The General Committee of the Evangelical Society of Geneva, which sends a hundred missionaries and _colporteurs_ into France, is composed almost entirely of the descendants of French refugees.

[996] Hebrews xii. 28.

Farel, Anemond, Esch, Toussaint, and their friends formed an evangelical society in Switzerland with the view of rescuing their country from its spiritual darkness. Intelligence reached them from every quarter, that there was an increasing thirst for G.o.d's Word in France;[997] it was desirable to take advantage of this, and to water and sow while it was yet seedtime. colampadius, Zwingle, and Oswald Myconius, were continually exhorting them to do this, giving the right hand of fellowship, and communicating to them a portion of their own faith. In January 1525, the Swiss schoolmaster wrote to the French chevalier: "Banished as you are from your country by the tyranny of Antichrist, even your presence among us proves that you have acted boldly in the cause of the Gospel. The tyranny of christian bishops will at length induce the people to look upon them as deceivers. Stand firm; the time is not far distant when we shall enter the haven of repose, whether we be struck down by our tyrants, or they themselves be struck down;[998] all then will be well for us, provided we have been faithful to Christ Jesus."

[997] Gallis verborum Dei sitientibus. Coct to Farel, 2d Sept. 1524, Neufchatel MS.

[998] Non longe abest enim, quo in portum tranquillum perveniamus, &c.

Osw. Myc. to Coct. Ibid.

[Sidenote: FEARS AND DIVISIONS.]

These encouragements were of great value to the French refugees; but a blow inflicted by these very Christians of Switzerland and Germany, who sought to cheer them, cruelly wrung their hearts. Recently escaped from the scaffold or the burning pile, they saw with dismay the evangelical Christians on the other side of the Rhine disturbing the repose they enjoyed by their lamentable differences. The discussions on the Lord's Supper had begun. Deeply moved and agitated, feeling strongly the necessity of brotherly unity, the French would have made every sacrifice to conciliate these divided sentiments. This became their leading idea. At the epoch of the Reformation, none had greater need than they of christian unity; of this Calvin was afterwards a proof. "Would to G.o.d that I might purchase peace, concord, and union in Jesus Christ at the cost of my life, which in truth is of little worth," said Peter Toussaint.[999] The French, whose discernment was correct and prompt, saw immediately that these rising dissensions would check the work of the Reformation. "All things would go on more prosperously than many persons imagine, if we were but agreed among ourselves. Numbers would gladly come to the light; but when they see these divisions among the learned, they stand hesitating and confused."[1000]

[999] Neufchatel MS. 21st Dec. 1525.

[1000] Ibid.

The French were the first to suggest conciliatory advances. "Why,"

wrote they from Strasburg, "is not Bucer or some other learned man sent to Luther? The longer we wait the greater will these dissensions become." Their fears grew stronger every day.[1001] At length, finding all their exertions of no avail, these Christians mournfully turned their eyes away from Germany, and fixed them solely upon France.

[1001] Multis jam christianis Gallis dolet, quod a Zwinglii aliorumque de Eucharistia sententia dissentiat Lutherus. Toussaint to Farel, 14th July 1525.

France--the conversion of France, thenceforth exclusively occupied the hearts of these generous men whom history, that has inscribed on her pages the names of so many individuals vainly puffed up with their own glory, has for three centuries pa.s.sed over in silence. Thrown on a foreign land, they fell on their knees, and daily, in silence and obscurity, invoked G.o.d in behalf of the country of their forefathers.[1002] Prayer was the power by which the Gospel spread through the kingdom, and the great instrument by which the conquests of the Reformation were gained.

[1002] Quam sollicite quotidianis precibus commendem. Toussaint to Farel, 2d Sept. 1524, Neufchatel MS.

[Sidenote: TRANSLATION AND PRINTING AT BASLE.]

But these Frenchmen were not merely men of prayer: never has the evangelical army contained combatants more ready to sacrifice their lives in the day of battle. They felt the importance of scattering the Holy Scriptures and pious books in their country, still overshadowed with the gloom of superst.i.tion. A spirit of inquiry was breathing over the whole kingdom: it seemed necessary on all sides to spread the sails to the wind. Anemond, ever prompt in action, and Michael Bentin, a refugee like himself, resolved to unite their zeal, their talents, their resources, and their labours. Bentin wished to establish a printing press at Basle, and the chevalier, to profit by the little German he knew, to translate the best works of the Reformers into French. "Oh," said they, rejoicing in their plans, "would to G.o.d that France were filled with evangelical volumes, so that everywhere, in the cottages of the poor, in the palaces of the n.o.bles, in cloisters and presbyteries, nay, in the inmost sanctuary of the heart, a powerful testimony might be borne to the grace of Jesus Christ!"[1003]

[1003] Opto enim Galliam Evangelicis voluminibus abundare. Coct to Farel, Neufchatel MS.

[Sidenote: TRACTS DISTRIBUTED IN FRANCE.]

Funds were necessary for such an undertaking, and the refugees had nothing. Vaugris was then at Basle; on his departure Anemond gave him a letter for the brethren of Lyons, many of whom abounded in the riches of this world, and who, although oppressed, were faithful to the Gospel; he requested them to send him some a.s.sistance;[1004] but that did not suffice; the French wished to establish several presses at Basle, that should be worked night and day, so as to inundate France with the Word of G.o.d.[1005] At Meaux, at Metz, and in other places, were men rich and powerful enough to support this enterprise.

No one could address Frenchmen with so much authority as Farel himself, and it was to him that Anemond applied.[1006]

[1004] Ut pecuniae aliquid ad me mittant. Ibid.

[1005] Ut praela multa erigere possimus. Ibid.

[1006] An censes inveniri posse Lugdunae, Meldae, aut alibi in Galliis qui nos ad haec juvare velint. Coct to Farel, Neufchatel MS.

It does not appear that the chevalier's project was realized, but the work was done by others. The presses of Basle were constantly occupied in printing French works; they were forwarded to Farel, and by him introduced into France with unceasing activity. One of the first writings sent by this Religious Tract Society was Luther's _Explanation of the Lord's Prayer_. "We are retailing the Pater at four deniers of Basle each," wrote Vaugris to Farel, "but we sell them wholesale at the rate of two florins the two hundred, which comes to something less."[1007]

[1007] Vaugris to Farel, Basle, 29th August 1524. Neufchatel MS.--The value of the florin is about 1s. 9d. sterling.

Anemond sent to Farel from Basle all the useful books that appeared or that arrived from Germany; at one time a work on the appointment of Gospel ministers, at another a treatise on the education of children.[1008] Farel examined these works; he composed, translated or got others to translate them into French, and seemed at one and the same time entirely devoted to active exertions and to the labours of the study. Anemond urged on and superintended the printing; and these epistles, prayers, books, and broadsheets, were the means of the regeneration of the age. While profligacy descended from the throne, and darkness from the steps of the altar, these unnoticed writings alone diffused throughout the nation beams of light and seeds of holiness.

[1008] Mitto tibi librum de inst.i.tuendis ministris ecclesiae c.u.m libro de inst.i.tuendis pueris. Coct to Farel, 2d September 1524. Ibid.

[Sidenote: THE NEW TESTAMENT--COLPORTAGE.]

But it was especially G.o.d's Word that the evangelical merchant of Lyons was calling for in the name of his fellow-countrymen. These people of the sixteenth century, so hungering for intellectual food, were to receive in their own tongue those ancient monuments of the first ages of the world, in which the new breath of primitive humanity respires, and those holy oracles of the Gospel times in which shines forth the fulness of the revelation of Christ. Vaugris wrote to Farel: "I beseech you, if possible, to have the New Testament translated by some person who can do it efficiently: it would be a great blessing for France, Burgundy, and Savoy. And if you want proper type, I will have some brought from Paris or Lyons; but if there be any good types at Basle, it will be all the better."

Lefevre had already published at Meaux, but in detached portions, the books of the New Testament in French. Vaugris wished for some one to revise it thoroughly, and to superintend a complete edition. Lefevre undertook to do so, and he published it, as we have already seen, on the 12th of October 1524. An uncle of Vaugris, named Conrard, also a refugee at Basle, immediately procured a copy. The Chevalier Coct happening to be at a friend's house on the 18th of November, there saw the book, and was filled with joy. "Lose no time in reprinting it,"

said he, "for I doubt not a great number will be called for."[1009]

[1009] Neufchatel MS.

Thus was the Word of G.o.d offered to France in opposition to the traditions of the Church, which Rome still continues to present to her. "How can we distinguish what is of man in your traditions, and what is of G.o.d," said the reformers, "except by the Scriptures of G.o.d?

The maxims of the Fathers, the decretals of the pontiffs, cannot be the rule of our faith. They show us what was the opinion of these old doctors; but the Word alone teaches us what is the judgment of G.o.d. We must submit everything to the rule of Scripture."

Such were the princ.i.p.al means by which these writings were circulated.

Farel and his friends consigned the books to certain pedlars or _colporteurs_, simple and pious men, who, laden with their precious burden, pa.s.sed from town to town, from village to village, and from house to house, in Franche Comte, Lorraine, Burgundy, and the adjoining provinces, knocking at every door. They procured the books at a low rate, "that they might be the more eager to sell them."[1010]

Thus as early as 1524 there existed in Basle a Bible society, a tract society, and an a.s.sociation of colporteurs, for the benefit of France.

It is a mistake to conceive that these efforts date only from our own age; they go back in essentials not only to the times of the Reformation, but still farther to the primitive ages of the Church.

[1010] Vaugris to Farel, Neufchatel MS.

CHAPTER XIII.

Progress at Montbeliard--Resistance and Commotion--Toussaint leaves colampadius--The Image of Saint Anthony--Death of Anemond--Strasburg--Lambert's Letter to Francis I.--Successive Defeats.

[Sidenote: PROGRESS AT MONTBELIARD.]

The attention which Farel bestowed on France did not divert his attention from the place where he was residing. Arriving at Montbeliard about the end of July 1524, he had hardly sown the seed, before the first fruits of the harvest (to use the words of colampadius) began to appear. Farel wrote to his friend with great exultation. "It is an easy thing," replied the doctor of Basle, "to instil a few dogmas into the ears of our auditors; but to change their hearts is in the power of G.o.d alone."[1011]

[1011] Animum autem immutare, divinum opus est. col. Epp. p. 200.

The Chevalier de Coct, delighted with this intelligence, ran with his usual vivacity to Peter Toussaint. "I shall set off to-morrow to visit Farel," said he hastily. Toussaint, more calm, was writing to the evangelist of Montbeliard: "Be careful," said he to Farel; "you are engaged in an important cause; it must not be polluted by the counsels of men. The mighty ones promise you their favour, their support, and heaps of gold......But to put your trust in these things, is deserting Christ and walking in darkness."[1012] Toussaint was finishing this letter when the chevalier entered; the latter took it, and departed for Montbeliard.

[1012] A quibus si pendemus, jam a Christo defecimus. Neufchatel MS.

[Sidenote: RESISTANCE--EXHORTATION TO MILDNESS.]