Hinduism and Buddhism, An Historical Sketch Volume I Part 39

[Footnote 655: In the same spirit, the Chinese version of the Ekottara (sec. 42) makes the dying Buddha order his bed to be made with the head to the north, because northern India will be the home of the Law. See _J.A._ Nov., Dec. 1918, p. 435.]

[Footnote 656: See for the whole question, Peri, Les Femmes de cakya Muni, _B.E.F.E.O._ 1918, No. 2.]

[Footnote 657: Those of the Dharmaguptas, Mahasanghikas and Mahisasakas.]

[Footnote 658: See _J.A.O.S._ Dec. 1910, p. 24.]

[Footnote 659: Jacobi considers the Yoga Sutras later than 450 A.D. but if we adopt Peri's view that Vasubandhu, Asanga's brother, lived from about 280-360, the fact that they imply a knowledge of the Vijnanavada need not make them much later than 300 A.D. It is noticeable that both Asanga and the Yoga Sutras employ the word _dharma-megha_.]

[Footnote 660: Called Citta in the Yoga philosophy.]

[Footnote 661: See Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, vol. II. pp. 410 ff.

Savages often supplement fasting by the use of drugs and the Yoga Sutras (IV. 1) mention that supernatural powers can be obtained by the use of herbs.]

[Footnote 662: Klesa: Kilesa in P?li.]

[Footnote 663: The practices systematized in the Yoga Sutras are mentioned even in the older Upanishads such as the Maitraya?a, Svetasvatara and Chandogya.]

[Footnote 664: An extreme development of the idea that physical processes can produce spiritual results is found in Rasesvara Darsana or the Mercurial System described in the Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha chap. IX.

_Marco Polo_ (Yule's Edition, vol. II. pp. 365, 369) had also heard of it.]

[Footnote 665: It seems to me a.n.a.logous to the _introversion_ of European mystics. See Underhill, _Mysticism_, chaps, VI. and VII.]

[Footnote 666: Jhana in Pali.]

[Footnote 667: Samprajnata and Asamprajnata, called also sa- and nirbija, with and without seed.]

[Footnote 668: Savitarka and Savicara, in which there is investigation concerned with gross and subtle objects respectively: Sananda, in which there is a feeling of joy: Sasmita, in which there is only self-consciousness. The corresponding stages in Buddhism are described as phases of Jhana not of Samadhi.]

[Footnote 669: It is not easy to translate. _Megha_ is cloud and _dharma_ may be rendered by righteousness but has many other meanings.

For the metaphor of the cloud compare the t.i.tle of the English mystical treatise _The Cloud of Unknowing_.]

[Footnote 670: Siddhi, vibhuti, aisvarya. A belief in these powers is found even in the Rig Veda where it is said (X. 136) that munis can fly through the air and a.s.sociate with G.o.ds.]

[Footnote 671: So too European mystics "are all but unanimous in their refusal to attribute importance to any kind of visionary experience"

(Underhill, _Mysticism_, p. 335). St John of the Cross, Madame Guyon and Walter Hilton are cited as severe critics of such experience.]

[Footnote 672: Cf. Underbill's remarks about contemplation (_Mysticism_, p. 394). "Its results feed every aspect of the personality: minister to its instinct for the Good, the Beautiful and the True. Psychologically it is an induced state in which the field of consciousness is greatly contracted: the whole of the self, its conative power, being sharply focussed, concentrated upon one thing. We pour ourselvea out or, as it sometimes seems to us, _in_ towards this overpowering interest: seem to ourselves to reach it and be merged with it. Whatever the thing may be, in this act we _know_ it, as we cannot know it by any ordinary devices of thought."]

[Footnote 673: See instances quoted in W. James, _Varieties of Religious Experience_, pp. 251-3.]

[Footnote 674: This curious idea is also countenanced, though not much emphasized, by the Brahma Sutras, IV. 4. 15. The object of producing such bodies is to work off Karma. The Yogi acquires no new Karma but he may have to get rid of acc.u.mulated Karma inherited from previous births, which must bear fruit. By "making himself many" he can work it off in one lifetime.]

[Footnote 675: _World as Will and Idea_, Book III. p. 254 (Haldane and Kemp's translation).]

[Footnote 676: E.g. Dig. Nik. II. 95, etc.]

[Footnote 677: St Theresa, St Catharine of Siena and Rudman Merawin. Cf.

1 John ii. 20, 27. "Ye know all things."]

[Footnote 678: Chandog. Up. VIII. 15.]

[Footnote 679: As also to the Sa?hitas of the Vaish?avas and the agamic literature of the Saivas. The six cakras are: (1) Muladhara at the base of the spinal cord, (2) Svadhish?hana below the navel, (3) Ma?ipura near the navel, (4) Anahata in the heart, (5) Visuddha at the lower end of the throat, (6) ajna between the eyebrows. See Avalon, _Tantric Texts_, II. Sha?cakranirupana. Ib. _Tantra of Great Liberation_, pp. lvii ff., cx.x.xii ff. Ib. _Principles of Tantra_, pp. cvii ff. Gopinatha Ras, _Indian Iconography_, pp. 328 ff. See also "Manual of a Mystic" (_Pali Text Soc._) for something apparently similar, though not very intelligible, in Hinayanist Buddhism.]

[Footnote 680: For the later Yoga see further Book V. I have recently received A. Avalon, _The Serpent Power_, from which it appears that the danger of the process lies in the fact that as Ku??alini ascends, the lower parts of the body which she leaves become cold. The preliminary note on Yoga in Grieraon and Barnett's Lalla-Vakyani (_Asiat. Soc.'s Monographs_, vol. XVII. 1920) contains much valuable information, but both works arrived too late for me to make use of them.]

[Footnote 681: Maj. Nik. 36 and 85, but not in 26.]

[Footnote 682: Dig. Nik. 2. For the methods of Buddhist meditation, the reader may consult the "Manual of a Mystic," edited (1896) and translated (1916) by the _Pali Text Society_. But he will not find it easy reading.]

[Footnote 683: See Ang. Nik. 1. 20 for a long list of the various kinds of meditation. A conspectus of the system of meditation is given in Seidenstucker, _Pali-Buddhismus_, pp. 344-356.]

[Footnote 684: Dig. Nik. XXII. _ad. in._]

[Footnote 685: Dig. Nik. I. 21-26.]

[Footnote 686: See, for instance, Dig. Nik. II. 75. Sometimes five Jhanas are enumerated. This means that reasoning and investigation are eliminated successively and not simultaneously, so that an additional stage is created.]

[Footnote 687: See _Dhamma-Sanga?i_; Mrs Rhys Davids' translation, pp.

45-6 and notes. Also _Journal of Pali Text Society_, 1885, p. 32, for meaning of the difficult word Ekodibhava.]

[Footnote 688: _E.g._ Maj. Nik. 77; Ang. Nik. 1. XX. 63.]

[Footnote 689: Hardy, _Eastern Monachism_, pp. 252 ff.]

[Footnote 690: But also without shape, colour or outward appearance, so this statement must not be taken too literally.]

[Footnote 691: Such procedure has not received much countenance in Christian mysticism but the contemplation of a burnished pewter dish and of running water induced ecstasy in Jacob Boehme and Ignatius Loyola respectively. See Underhill, _Mysticism_, p. 69.]

[Footnote 692: Maj. Nik. 62 end.]

[Footnote 693: The a.n.a.lysis means to a.n.a.lyze all things as consisting alike of the four elements. The one perception is the perception that all nourishment is impure.]

[Footnote 694: See Dig. Nik. 13 and Rhys Davids' introduction to it. In spite of their name, they seem to be purely Buddhist and have not been found in Brahmanic literature. The four states are characterized respectively by love, sympathy with sorrow, sympathy with joy, and equanimity.]

[Footnote 695: Dig. Nik. XIII. 76.]

[Footnote 696: Dig. Nik. XVII. 2-4.]

[Footnote 697: Christian mystics also, such as St Angela and St Theresa, had "formless visions." See Underhill, _Myst._ pp. 338 ff.]

[Footnote 698: Attha vimokkha. See Mahaparinib. sut. in Rhys Davids'

_Dialogues of the Buddha,_ II. 119.]

[Footnote 699: Akincannayatanam.]

[Footnote 700: Nevasannanasannayatanam.]