George, Nicholas And Wilhelm Part 26

121 HIS MAJESTY'S: HIS MAJESTY'S: Balfour to Sir George Buchanan, 13 April 1917, FO 800/205 PRO. Balfour to Sir George Buchanan, 13 April 1917, FO 800/205 PRO.

122 ANY DANGER: ANY DANGER: Sir George Buchanan to FO, 15 April 1917, FO 800/206 PRO. Sir George Buchanan to FO, 15 April 1917, FO 800/206 PRO.

123 DEEPLY UPSET: DEEPLY UPSET: Meriel Buchanan, p. 196. Meriel Buchanan, p. 196.

124 THE DAYS Pa.s.sED: THE DAYS Pa.s.sED: Gilliard, p. 217. Gilliard, p. 217.

125 THE ANCIENT TRAPPINGS: THE ANCIENT TRAPPINGS: The Times The Times, 21 April 1917.

126 ALIEN AND ... AN ALIEN: ALIEN AND ... AN ALIEN: Nicolson, Nicolson, King George King George, p. 308.

127 THOUGH HE ALSO FALSELY: THOUGH HE ALSO FALSELY: Lloyd George, Lloyd George, War Memoirs War Memoirs, 3, p. 1644.

128 RANKLED UNDULY: RANKLED UNDULY: Nicolson, Nicolson, King George King George, p. 309.

129 THE WONDERFUL POPULARITY: THE WONDERFUL POPULARITY: The Times The Times, 13 Nov. 1918.

130 RESTRAINTS WITH EXTRAORDINARY: RESTRAINTS WITH EXTRAORDINARY: Gilliard, p. 216. Gilliard, p. 216.

131 AN EXTREMELY RESERVED: AN EXTREMELY RESERVED: Kerensky, p. 125. Kerensky, p. 125.

132 NICHOLAS DECIDED TO: NICHOLAS DECIDED TO: Benckendorff, p. 77. Benckendorff, p. 77.

133 AN INSIGNIFICANT LITTLE: AN INSIGNIFICANT LITTLE: Gorlitz, Gorlitz, The Kaiser The Kaiser, p. 285.

134 NOW I MAY AS: NOW I MAY AS: Clark, Clark, Wilhelm II Wilhelm II, p. 238.

135 IT NOW GAVE HIM ... TRAITORS: IT NOW GAVE HIM ... TRAITORS: Gilliard, pp. 244, 257. Gilliard, pp. 244, 257.

136 THEIR MAJESTIES: THEIR MAJESTIES: Ibid., p. 256. Ibid., p. 256.

137 LIVE BANNER: LIVE BANNER: Figes, Figes, A People's A People's, p. 638.

138 WHAT?: WHAT?: Kerensky, p. 237. Kerensky, p. 237.

139 I DID ALL THAT WAS: I DID ALL THAT WAS: Waters, pp. 25455. Waters, pp. 25455.

140 A DEAF, DUMB AND BLIND: A DEAF, DUMB AND BLIND: Footnote, Figes, Footnote, Figes, A People's A People's, p. 385.

141 ON LENIN'S OWN: ON LENIN'S OWN: See Michael Pearson, See Michael Pearson, The Sealed Train The Sealed Train, London, Macmillan, 1975.

142 A SERVICE AT ... BRUTAL MURDER: A SERVICE AT ... BRUTAL MURDER: 25, 28 July 1917, RA GV/PRIV/GVD. 25, 28 July 1917, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.

143 I HEAR FROM: I HEAR FROM: 31 Aug. 1918, RA GV/PRIV/GVD. 31 Aug. 1918, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.

144 WAS THERE EVER: WAS THERE EVER: 25 July 1918, Stamfordham to Esher, quoted in Rose, p. 217. 25 July 1918, Stamfordham to Esher, quoted in Rose, p. 217.

145 GEORGE SHOULDN'T: GEORGE SHOULDN'T: Stamfordham to Balfour, 22 July 1917, ibid., p. 216. Stamfordham to Balfour, 22 July 1917, ibid., p. 216.

146 CONFIDENCE IN THE INNATE: CONFIDENCE IN THE INNATE: Windsor, Windsor, A King's A King's, pp. 13132.

147 I FOUND THE EMPEROR: I FOUND THE EMPEROR: B. Hulderman, B. Hulderman, Albert Ballin Albert Ballin, London, Ca.s.sel, 1922, p. 375.

148 IT AIMS DIRECTLY: IT AIMS DIRECTLY: MacDonogh, p. 402. MacDonogh, p. 402.

149 SHOOT UP THE TOWN: SHOOT UP THE TOWN: Ibid., p. 406. Ibid., p. 406.

150 TREACHERY, TREACHERY: TREACHERY, TREACHERY: Ibid., p. 412. Ibid., p. 412.

151 WE GOT THE NEWS: WE GOT THE NEWS: 9 Nov. 1918, RA GV/PRIV/GVD. 9 Nov. 1918, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.

152 THE GERMAN PEOPLE ... ITS RULER: THE GERMAN PEOPLE ... ITS RULER: MacDonogh, p. 414. MacDonogh, p. 414.

153 HOW ABOUT A: HOW ABOUT A: Lady N. Bentinck, Lady N. Bentinck, The Ex-Kaiser in Exile The Ex-Kaiser in Exile, London, Hodder, 1922, p. 23.

154 WILLIAM ARRIVED: WILLIAM ARRIVED: 11 Nov. 1918, RA GV/PRIV/GVD. 11 Nov. 1918, RA GV/PRIV/GVD.

EPILOGUE.

1 THE FIGURES VARY: THE FIGURES VARY: For a digest of casualty figures for the First World War, see, for example, the Web site 20th Century Atlas-death tolls. For a digest of casualty figures for the First World War, see, for example, the Web site 20th Century Atlas-death tolls.

2 VIOLENT TIRADE ... THE BETTER: VIOLENT TIRADE ... THE BETTER: Rose, pp. 231, 229. Rose, pp. 231, 229.

3 PROTECT THE COUNTRY ... ODIOUS MAN: PROTECT THE COUNTRY ... ODIOUS MAN: Airlie, p. 142. Airlie, p. 142.

4 A SULLEN ... STRODE INDOORS: A SULLEN ... STRODE INDOORS: Windsor, Windsor, A King's A King's, p. 131.

5 THEIR PRESENCE WOULD BE: THEIR PRESENCE WOULD BE: Van der Kiste, p. 166. Van der Kiste, p. 166.

6 IN TODAY'S MONEY: IN TODAY'S MONEY: I am indebted to Jasper Heinzen for his calculations using Samuel H. Williamson, I am indebted to Jasper Heinzen for his calculations using Samuel H. Williamson, Six Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount, 1790 to Present Six Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount, 1790 to Present, MeasuringWorth, 2008; see measuringworth.com/uscompare/.

7 LIES OF ... AND SAVE THEM: LIES OF ... AND SAVE THEM: Cecil, Cecil, Wilhelm Wilhelm, 2, p. 306.

8 STRUCK OVER AND OVER: STRUCK OVER AND OVER: Rohl, "The Emperor's New Clothes," p. 29. Rohl, "The Emperor's New Clothes," p. 29.

9 THAT HORRIBLE AND: THAT HORRIBLE AND: Rose, p. 388. Rose, p. 388.

10 EITHER THE WORLD: EITHER THE WORLD: 16 Feb. 1918, Esher, 4, p. 181. 16 Feb. 1918, Esher, 4, p. 181.

11 THE ELEMENT OF: THE ELEMENT OF: Pope-Hennessy, Pope-Hennessy, Queen Mary Queen Mary, p. 522.

12 SPIRIT OF HARD WORK: SPIRIT OF HARD WORK: Harold Laski, Harold Laski, Authority in the Modern State Authority in the Modern State, 1919.

13 AS A LIVING: AS A LIVING: Stamfordham to Bishop of Chelmsford, 25 Nov. 1918, RA PS/PSO/GV/O/1106/65. Stamfordham to Bishop of Chelmsford, 25 Nov. 1918, RA PS/PSO/GV/O/1106/65.

14 I MUST SAY THEY: I MUST SAY THEY: G to Alexandra, 17 Feb. 1924, RA GV/PRIV/AA/38/65. G to Alexandra, 17 Feb. 1924, RA GV/PRIV/AA/38/65.

15 THE MURDERERS ... ABOUT BOLSHEVIKS, ETC: THE MURDERERS ... ABOUT BOLSHEVIKS, ETC: Rose, pp. 33334. Rose, pp. 33334.

16 HM FIRED UP: HM FIRED UP: 10 May 1935, Stevenson, p. 309. 10 May 1935, Stevenson, p. 309.

17 INCORRIGIBLE ... PRO-JEW: INCORRIGIBLE ... PRO-JEW: Cecil, Cecil, Wilhelm Wilhelm, 2, p. 352.

18 THE LOWEST IRISH: THE LOWEST IRISH: Weintraub, Weintraub, Victoria Victoria, p. 12.

19 THE IMPORTANCE OF THE DEATH: THE IMPORTANCE OF THE DEATH: Rose, p. 408. Rose, p. 408.

20 A SOFT SPOT: A SOFT SPOT: Lees-Milne, 2, p. 237. Lees-Milne, 2, p. 237.

21 DEEPLY MOVED BY: DEEPLY MOVED BY: W to Mary, 2 Feb. 1936, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/O/2572/19. W to Mary, 2 Feb. 1936, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/O/2572/19.

22 I HAVE NOT THE: I HAVE NOT THE: W to Mary, 1 Oct. 1938, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/C/46/270. W to Mary, 1 Oct. 1938, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/C/46/270.

23 I AM ABSOLUTELY: I AM ABSOLUTELY: W to Mary, 13 Oct. 1938, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/C/46/272,3. W to Mary, 13 Oct. 1938, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/C/46/272,3.

24 POLITICAL LUNACY: POLITICAL LUNACY: W to Mary, 30 Aug. 1939, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/C/45/1199. W to Mary, 30 Aug. 1939, RA PS/PSO/GV/C/C/45/1199.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSI'd like to thank Lyuba Vinogradova, surely the doyenne of Russian researchers, for helping me out in Moscow and doing it so perfectly. And Philip Oltermann for his work on the German doc.u.ments and archives, for being so nice to work with and for not laughing at my lamentable German. Thanks also to Jasper Heinzen, Charlotte Riley and Julie Elkner for reading the ma.n.u.script and making some much-needed corrections. I must also thank David Cannadine. I owe a great debt to my agent and friend Bill Hamilton and my brilliant editors Juliet Annan and Carol Janeway, whose comments and suggestions helped immeasurably in making this a better book, and who have been extremely patient with me. I am also immensely grateful to my exemplary copy-editor, Bela Cunha, who turned a potentially terrifying task into (almost) a pleasure, and was herself a pleasure to work with. Needless to say, any mistakes that have slipped back into the text are entirely mine.Papers from the Royal Archives at Windsor are quoted by gracious permission of Her Majesty the Queen. Extracts from the letters between Queen Victoria and the Empress Frederick in the four volumes edited by Roger Fulford and Agatha Ramm are quoted by kind permission of the Queen and Landgraf Moritz von Hessen. Extracts from Kenneth Rose's biography of George V are reprinted by permission of Phoenix House (publishers).I'd like to thank the Geheimes Staatsarchiv and the archive of the Auswartiges Amt in Berlin, and the State Archive of the Russian Federation, GARF, in Moscow, for generously allowing me to quote from their doc.u.ments. I'd like to thank the State Archive of Film and Photographic doc.u.ments at Krasnogorsk for digging out some great, previously unseen, pictures. At the Royal Archives at Windsor, Jill Kelsey was extremely helpful and forbearing, and at the Royal Photographic Collection, Lisa Heighway brought out alb.u.m after alb.u.m of wonderful pictures; I owe her great thanks.This book is written very much on the shoulders of other writers' research. I must acknowledge in particular Sir John Rohl's body of work on the kaiser and Wilhelmine Germany, especially his remarkable three-part biography of Wilhelm, which has turned up page after page of new and fascinating biographical doc.u.ments, and Kenneth Rose's George V George V.Finally, I'd like to thank my husband, John Lanchester, for the hot meals, the advice and the unwavering support through some very hard times, and to ask him to forgive me for all the shouting and grumpiness.

A NOTE ABOUT THE AUTHORMiranda Carter is the author of Anthony Blunt: His Lives of Anthony Blunt: His Lives, which won the Orwell Prize for political writing and the Royal Society of Literature W. H. Heinemann Award and was chosen as one of The New York Times Book Review's The New York Times Book Review's seven best books of 2002. She lives in London with her husband and two sons. seven best books of 2002. She lives in London with her husband and two sons.

ILl.u.s.tRATIONS.

10 George, aged three, and his family11 George, aged thirteen, and his mother12 George and Nicholas as small children in Denmark13 Edward and his family, late 1870s14 George and his older brother "Eddy," late 1880s15 Queen Victoria with George and his fiancee, May 189316 French cartoon of the carve-up of China, 189817 George shooting18 Nicholas and his sisters19 Tsar Alexander III and family20 George and Nicky at Fredensborg, Denmark, 188921 Nicholas and his entourage in India, 189122 Nicholas and George, July 189323 Alexandra, aged eleven24 Nicholas and Alexandra after their engagement, Coburg, 189425 Group photograph at Coburg, 189426 Queen Victoria in a pony carriage, Balmoral, 189627 Nicholas and Alexandra with Queen Victoria and Edward, 189628 Nicholas and Alexandra in traditional Russian dress, 190329 Wilhelm as a "death's head" hussar30 The salon of Wilhelm's imperial train31 Philipp zu Eulenburg32 Lord Salisbury33 Otto von Bismarck34 Bernhard von Bulow35 Wilhelm on board Hohenzollern Hohenzollern, early 1900s36 Edward, now king, with his grandchildren, 190337 Edward and Wilhelm, ca. 190138 Nicholas and Alexandra on holiday in Hesse-Darmstadt39 Nicholas in Alexandra's mauve boudoir40 Nicholas and Alexandra and their children, ca. 191041 German cartoon of the Entente Cordiale, 190642 Nicholas opens the first Duma, 190643 Nicholas receiving Wilhelm at Peterhof, ca. 191244 Wilhelm and Nicholas on the imperial yacht Standart Standart, 190745 British warship46 German warships47 Wilhelm and Nicholas on a hunting trip48 Nicholas and Alexandra in a Moscow park49 Sergei Witte50 Lloyd George51 Bethmann-Hollweg52 Grigori Rasputin53 Nicholas and George on the Isle of Wight, July 190954 Nicholas, George and their families, July 190955 Nine monarchs at King Edward's funeral, 191056 George and Mary after their coronation57 Nicholas and Wilhelm in Berlin, 191358 George and Wilhelm, 191359 George and Nicholas, 191360 Wilhelm with Ludendorff and Hindenburg61 George with generals and French president62 "Defeat the Kaiser and His U-Boats," First World War Allied poster63 Nicholas after his abdication64 Nicholas and his family on a rooftop at Tobolsk65 George opening Parliament, 192366 Wilhelm at Haus Doorn, 1938The author and publishers would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce ill.u.s.trations: 1, 3, 10, 34, 35, 37, 57, copyright Getty Images; 2, 8, 11, 15, 16 16, 27, 29, 32, 33, 36, 42, 52, 53, 54, 56, 5966, copyright Corbis; 4, 6, 7, 12, 17, 20, 22, 23, 39, 55, 58, copyright The Royal Collection, 2009, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II; 9, copyright Bildarchiv Preussicher Kulturbesitz; 5, copyright Punch archive; 13, 14, 18, 21, 24, 25, 26, 28, 38, 40, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, copyright the Russian state archive of film and photographic doc.u.ments, Krasnagorsk.

1. Wilhelm with his mother, Vicky, and sister, Charolotte, 1860 2. Wilhelm in Highland gear at his uncle Edward's wedding, age four 3. Wilhelm in his late teens with Vicky before the split 4. Wilhelm, complete with his now famous moustache and in uniform, to which he was addicted. Even his entourage considered him "obsessed by the question of clothes and external," 1891.

5. "Dropping the Pilot," Punch Punch magazine's response to Wilhelm's sacking of Bismarck, 1890 magazine's response to Wilhelm's sacking of Bismarck, 1890 6. At Your Majesty's Command! The kaiser as paterfamilias and military chief: from early in Wilhelm's reign, his sons were employed to bolster his public image.

7. Wilhelm's wife, Augusta Victoria, known as "Dona." She provided unquestioning devotion and support, and he found her terribly dull.

8. Wilhelm and Dona in England, during the Boer War in 1899. In honour of his grandmother, the kaiser was unusually in mufti.

9. By 19034, German diplomacy had gained such a reputation for clumsy flattery and bullying that the German satirical magazine Simplicissimus Simplicissimus ran this cartoon showing the training of young diplomats. ran this cartoon showing the training of young diplomats.

10. Alexandra and Bertie with Eddy (standing) (standing), George (front) (front) and baby Louise, indulging in the royal pa.s.sion for pretending to be Scottish, ca. 1868. George was about three. and baby Louise, indulging in the royal pa.s.sion for pretending to be Scottish, ca. 1868. George was about three.

11. Alexandra and George, age thirteen, the youngest and smallest naval cadet at Dartmouth Naval College. "n.o.body can, or shall ever, come between me and my darling Georgie boy," she wrote.

12. A summer house party at Amalienborg, the Copenhagen residence of King Christian and Queen Louise of Denmark. The Waleses, the Romanovs and the Danish royals are all present. George (standing) (standing) and Nicholas, in his pram and Nicholas, in his pram (both far left) (both far left) 13. Bertie and his family, late 1870s, on board the yacht Victoria and Albert Victoria and Albert. Eddy, at the back, George, to the right, and the three daughters, Louise, Toria and Maud 14. Albert Victor, "Eddy," and Georgie, pre-beard, late 1880s 15. George and May after their engagement, with Queen Victoria, 1893. The queen, then seventy-four, made a point of never looking into the camera lens.

16. After the China land grabs of 1898, a French cartoon shows Wilhelm and Queen Victoria squabbling over a pie representing China, while Nicholas eyes it up and a Chinese government official raises his arms in horror.

17. George's two pa.s.sions were shooting and stamp collecting.

18. Nicholas and his sisters Xenia (centre) (centre) and Olga and Olga (right) (right) 19. Tsar Alexander III and his family (clockwise from top left) (clockwise from top left): Minny, Nicholas, Xenia, Georgy, Olga and Misha 20. George and Nicholas with George's siblings Eddy and Louise at Fredensborg, the summer residence of the Danish royal family, 1889 21. Nicholas (centre, in grey suit and white pith helmet) and his entourage on his grand tour in Jobindram, India, 1891. Nicholas complained of "the unbearableness of being surrounded ... by the English and of seeing their Red Coats everywhere."

22. Nicholas and George in London, July 1893. The two were constantly mistaken for each other.

23. Alexandra, or "Alicky," age eleven. Queen Victoria said she was the handsomest child she ever saw.

24. Nicholas and Alexandra at Coburg, just after she had agreed to marry him, 1894 25. Family photograph at Coburg in 1894, after the wedding of "Ducky" to Alexandra's brother Ernest, and Nicky and Alicky's engagement. Wilhelm is at bottom left; Nicholas and Alicky are next to him; Queen Victoria is seated in the middle, next to Wilhelm's mother, Vicky.

26. Balmoral, 1896: Queen Victoria in the pony carriage, with Nicholas behind and Alix, as he called her, to the right 27. Nicky and Alix with their first child, Olga, at Balmoral with Queen Victoria and Bertie, 1896. Nicky described Queen Victoria as "a big round ball on wobbly legs."

28. Nicky and Alix dressed as medieval Russian Tsar and Tsarina, ca. 1903 29. Wilhelm pulling the "fierce" expression he deliberately adopted for photographs, his famous moustache now fully realized, in the uniform of the "death's head" hussars, the Prussian regiment famous for striking fear into the enemy 30. The salon in Wilhelm's new imperial train, one of eleven gilded carriages, 1891 31. Philipp zu Eulenburg 32. Lord Salisbury 33. Otto von Bismarck 34. Bernhard von Bulow 35. Wilhelm on board the Hohenzollern Hohenzollern, early 1900s, wearing his "fierce" look. After becoming kaiser, he was almost never photographed in repose again.

36. Edward, now king, with George's children, once again in Scottish gear, 1903 37. Edward and Wilhelm, ca. 1901 Note neither looks at the other.

38. One of a series of informal "joke" photographs taken at Hesse-Darmstadt, home of Alix's brother Ernie, one of the few places where Alix (sitting, left) (sitting, left) and Nicky and Nicky (behind, left) (behind, left) felt genuinely off-duty. Ernie's wife, Victoria Melita, known as "Ducky" felt genuinely off-duty. Ernie's wife, Victoria Melita, known as "Ducky" (sitting, right) (sitting, right), would run off with Nicky's cousin Grand Duke Kirill (just right of him) (just right of him) several years later. several years later.

39. Nicky sitting in Alix's mauve boudoir, ca. 19001904 40. Nicky and Alix and their children, Olga, Maria, Tatiana, Anastasia and Alexis, ca. 1910. He would have been forty-two, she, thirty-eight.

41. German cartoon of the Entente Cordiale, 1906. John Bull walks off with a French trollop while Germany (complete with kaiser moustache) tries to look as if he doesn't care.

42. Nicholas, with court in full Russian regalia, opens the Duma, Russia's first elected a.s.sembly, 1906. One courtier said of the new Duma: "They gave one the impression of a gang of criminals ... waiting for the signal to throw themselves upon the Ministers and cut their throats."

43. Nicholas and Alix receiving Wilhelm at Peterhof, ca. 1912. Peterhof was famously windy.

44. Wilhelm and Nicholas walk along the Russian imperial yacht Standart Standart, Swinemunde, 1907.

45. British warship en route to Kronstadt, June 1914 46. German armoured cruisers, 1907 47. Wilhelm and Nicholas on a German shooting expedition 48. Nicholas examining the camera lens at Neskuchnoe Park, Moscow, May 1896 49. Sergei Witte, Nicholas's chief minister 50. Lloyd George, the British Liberal politician whom George loathed 51. Bethmann-Hollweg, Wilhelm's wartime chancellor 52. Grigori Rasputin 53. Nicky (left) (left) and George and George (right) (right) in British naval dress at Barton Manor on the Isle of Wight in July 1909 in British naval dress at Barton Manor on the Isle of Wight in July 1909 54. Family picture taken on the Isle of Wight in 1909. From left, standing: From left, standing: future Edward VIII, Alexandra, George's daughter Mary, George's sister Toria, Olga and Tatiana; future Edward VIII, Alexandra, George's daughter Mary, George's sister Toria, Olga and Tatiana; seated, from left: seated, from left: May, Nicky, Edward, Alix, George and Marie; May, Nicky, Edward, Alix, George and Marie; on the ground: on the ground: Alexis and Anastasia Alexis and Anastasia 55. Nine monarchs at Edward VII's funeral. From top left: From top left: Haakon VII of Norway, Ferdinand of Bulgaria, Manuel of Portugal, Wilhelm, George I of Greece, Albert of the Belgians; Haakon VII of Norway, Ferdinand of Bulgaria, Manuel of Portugal, Wilhelm, George I of Greece, Albert of the Belgians; sitting: sitting: Alfonso XIII of Spain, George, Frederick XII of Denmark Alfonso XIII of Spain, George, Frederick XII of Denmark 56. George and Mary, as she now was, in full regalia 57. Nicholas and Wilhelm at the wedding of the kaiser's daughter, Victoria, June 1913, the last time the three men met 58. George and Wilhelm with Prussian dragoons, 1913 59. Nicholas and George at Victoria's wedding, 1913 60. First World War: Wilhelm with Hindenburg and Ludendorff, the two generals who would eventually supersede him 61. George with (left to right) (left to right) Marshal Joffre, French president Raymond Poincare, Marshal Foch and General Haig, whom he supported against Lloyd George Marshal Joffre, French president Raymond Poincare, Marshal Foch and General Haig, whom he supported against Lloyd George 62. British and U.S. propaganda turned Wilhelm into a sinister monster egging his troops on to ever greater atrocities 63. Nicholas after his abdication. He spent much of his time chopping firewood.

64. The Romanovs taking the sun in Tobolsk, their first stop-off in Siberia, before arriving at their final destination, Ekaterinburg, where they were killed in July 1918 65. George in 1923, on his way to open Parliament. The war left its scars on him.

66. Ever carefully striking a pose, Wilhelm in 1938, in exile in Holland