Experimental Determination of the Velocity of Light - novelonlinefull.com
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June 18 2 75 112.79 0.265 112.52 0.09 1.483 -0.120 257-43 28.158 0.99614 299860 P.M.
June 18 2 75 112.75 0.265 112.48 0.10 1.483 -0.120 257-43 28.158 0.99614 299970 P.M.
June 18 2 75 112.76 0.265 112.49 0.08 1.483 -0.120 257-43 28.158 0.99614 299950 P.M.
June 20 3 60 112.94 0.265 112.67 0.07 1.517 +0.063 257.65 28.172 0.99614 299880 A.M.
June 20 3 61 112.92 0.265 112.65 0.09 1.517 +0.048 257.63 28.172 0.99614 299910 A.M.
June 20 2 62 112.94 0.265 112.67 0.07 1.517 +0.036 257.62 28.172 0.99614 299850 A.M.
June 20 2 63 112.93 0.265 112.66 0.03 1.517 +0.024 257.61 28.172 0.99614 299870 A.M.
June 20 2 78 133.48 0.265 133.21 0.13 1.450 -0.156 257.36 33.345 0.99627 299840 P.M.
June 20 2 79 133.49 0.265 133.23 0.09 1.500 -0.168 257.40 33.345 0.99627 299840 P.M.
June 20 2 80 133.49 0.265 133.22 0.07 1.500 -0.180 257.39 33.345 0.99627 299850 P.M.
June 20 2 79 133.50 0.265 133.24 0.13 1.483 -0.168 257.39 33.345 0.99627 299840 P.M.
June 20 2 79 133.49 0.265 133.22 0.06 1.483 -0.168 257.38 33.345 0.99627 299840 P.M.
June 20 2 79 133.49 0.265 133.22 0.10 1.483 -0.168 257.38 33.345 0.99627 299840 P.M.
June 21 2 61 133.56 0.265 133.29 0.12 1.533 +0.048 257.65 33.332 0.99627 299890 A.M.
June 21 2 62 133.58 0.265 133.31 0.08 1.533 +0.036 257.64 33.332 0.99627 299810 A.M.
June 21 2 63 133.57 0.265 133.31 0.09 1.533 +0.024 257.63 33.332 0.99627 299810 A.M.
June 21 2 64 133.57 0.265 133.30 0.11 1.533 +0.012 257.61 33.332 0.99627 299820 A.M.
June 21 2 65 133.56 0.265 133.30 0.13 1.533 0.000 257.60 33.332 0.99627 299800 A.M.
June 21 3 80 133.48 0.265 133.21 0.06 1.533 -0.180 257.42 33.330 0.99627 299770 P.M.
June 21 3 81 133.46 0.265 133.19 0.10 1.500 -0.192 257.38 33.330 0.99627 299760 P.M.
June 21 3 82 133.46 0.265 133.20 0.05 1.500 -0.204 257.37 33.330 0.99627 299740 P.M.
June 21 3 82 133.46 0.265 133.20 0.08 1.517 -0.204 257.38 33.330 0.99627 299750 P.M.
June 21 3 81 133.46 0.265 133.19 0.08 1.500 -0.192 257.38 33.330 0.99627 299760 P.M.
June 23 3 89 133.43 0.265 133.16 0.08 1.542 -0.288 257.32 33.345 0.99627 299910 P.M.
June 23 3 89 133.42 0.265 133.15 0.06 1.550 -0.288 257.33 33.345 0.99627 299920 P.M.
June 23 3 90 133.43 0.265 133.17 0.09 1.550 -0.300 257.32 33.345 0.99627 299890 P.M.
June 23 3 90 133.43 0.265 133.16 0.07 1.533 -0.300 257.30 33.345 0.99627 299860 P.M.
June 23 3 90 133.42 0.265 133.16 0.07 1.517 -0.300 257.29 33.345 0.99627 299880 P.M.
June 24 3 72 133.47 0.265 133.20 0.15 1.517 -0.084 257.50 33.319 0.99627 299720 A.M.
June 24 3 73 133.44 0.265 133.17 0.04 1.517 -0.096 257.49 33.319 0.99627 299840 A.M.
June 24 3 74 133.42 0.265 133.16 0.11 1.517 -0.108 257.48 33.319 0.99627 299850 A.M.
June 24 3 75 133.42 0.265 133.16 0.06 1.517 -0.120 257.47 33.319 0.99627 299850 A.M.
June 24 3 76 133.44 0.265 133.18 0.10 1.517 -0.132 257.45 33.319 0.99627 299780 A.M.
June 26 2 86 133.42 0.265 133.15 0.05 1.508 -0.252 257.33 33.339 0.99627 299890 P.M.
June 26 2 86 133.44 0.265 133.17 0.08 1.508 -0.252 257.33 33.339 0.99627 299840 P.M.
June 27 3 73 133.49 0.265 133.22 0.11 1.483 -0.096 257.46 33.328 0.99627 299780 A.M.
June 27 3 74 133.47 0.265 133.20 0.06 1.483 -0.108 257.44 33.328 0.99627 299810 A.M.
June 27 3 75 133.47 0.265 133.21 0.09 1.483 -0.120 257.43 33.328 0.99627 299760 A.M.
June 27 3 75 133.45 0.265 133.19 0.09 1.467 -0.120 257.42 33.328 0.99627 299810 A.M.
June 27 3 76 133.47 0.265 133.20 0.08 1.483 -0.132 257.42 33.328 0.99627 299790 A.M.
June 27 3 76 133.45 0.265 133.19 0.10 1.483 -0.132 257.42 33.328 0.99627 299810 A.M.
June 30 2 85 35.32 135.00 99.68 0.05 1.500 -0.240 193.00 33.274 0.99645 299820 P.M. Mirror inverted.
June 30 2 86 35.34 135.00 99.67 0.06 1.508 -0.252 193.00 33.274 0.99645 299850 P.M. Mirror inverted.
June 30 2 86 35.34 135.00 99.66 0.10 1.508 -0.252 193.00 33.274 0.99645 299870 P.M. Mirror inverted.
June 30 2 86 35.34 135.00 99.66 0.09 1.517 -0.252 193.00 33.274 0.99645 299870 P.M. Mirror inverted.
July 1 2 83 02.17 135.145 132.98 0.07 1.500 -0.216 257.35 33.282 0.99627 299810 P.M. Mirror inverted.
July 1 2 84 02.15 135.145 133.00 0.09 1.500 -0.228 257.34 33.282 0.99627 299740 P.M. Mirror inverted.
July 1 2 86 02.14 135.145 133.01 0.06 1.467 -0.252 257.28 33.311 0.99627 299810 P.M. Mirror inverted.
July 1 2 86 02.14 135.145 133.00 0.08 1.467 -0.252 257.28 33.311 0.99627 299940 P.M. Mirror inverted.
July 2 3 86 99.85 0.400 99.45 0.05 1.450 -0.252 192.95 33.205 0.99606 299950 P.M. Mirror erect.
July 2 3 86 66.74 0.400 66.34 0.03 1.450 -0.252 128.63 33.205 0.99586 299800 P.M. Mirror erect.
July 2 3 86 50.16 0.400 47.96 0.07 1.467 -0.252 96.48 33.205 0.99580 299810 P.M. Mirror erect.
July 2 3 85 33.57 0.400 33.17 0.06 1.450 -0.240 64.32 33.205 0.99574 299870 P.M. Mirror erect.
In the last two sets of June 13, the micrometer was fixed at 113.41 and 112.14 respectively. The image was bisected by the cross-hair, and kept as nearly as possible in this place, meantime counting the number of seconds required for the image of the revolving mirror to complete 60 oscillations. In other words, instead of measuring the deflection, the speed of rotation was measured. In column 7 for these two sets, the numbers 11 and 6 are the differences between the greatest and the smallest number of seconds observed.
In finding the mean value of V from the table, the sets are all given the same weight. The difference between the result thus obtained and that from any system of weights is small, and may be neglected.
The following table gives the result of different groupings of sets of observations. Necessarily some of the groups include others:
Electric light (1 set) 299850 Set micrometer counting oscillations (2) 299840 Readings taken by Lieutenant Nazro (3) 299830 Readings taken by Mr. Clason (5) 299860 Mirror inverted (8) 299840 Speed of rotation, 192 (7) 299990 Speed of rotation, 128 (1) 299800 Speed of rotation, 96 (1) 299810 Speed of rotation, 64 (1) 299870 Radius, 28.5 feet (54) 299870 Radius, 33.3 feet (46) 299830 Highest temperature, 90 Fahr. (5) 299910 Mean of lowest temperatures, 60 Fahr. (7) 299800 Image, good (46) 299860 Image, fair (39) 299860 Image, poor (15) 299810 Frame, inclined (5) 299960 Greatest value 300070 Least value 299650 Mean value 299852 Average difference from mean 60 Value found for p 3.26 Probable error 5
Discussion of Errors.
The value of V depends on three quant.i.ties D, n, and f. These will now be considered in detail.
The Distance.
The distance between the two mirrors may be in error, either by an erroneous determination of the length of the steel tape used, or by a mistake in the measurement of the distance by the tape.
The first may be caused by an error in the copy of the standard yard, or in the comparison between the standard and the tape. An error in this copy, of .00036 inch, which, for such a copy, would be considered large, would produce an error of only .00001 in the final result. Supposing that the bisections of the divisions are correct to .0005 inch, which is a liberal estimate, the error caused by supposing the error in each yard to be in the same direction would be only .000014; or the total error of the tape, if both errors were in the same direction, would be 000024 of the whole length.
The calculated probable error of the five measurements of the distance was .000015; hence the total error due to D would be at most .00004. The tape has been sent to Professor Rogers, of Cambridge, for comparison, to confirm the result.
The Speed of Rotation.
This quant.i.ty depends on three conditions. It is affected, first, by an error in the rate of the standard; second, by an error in the count of the sound beats between the forks; and third, by a false estimate of the moment when the image of the revolving mirror is at rest, at which moment the deflection is measured.
The calculated probable error of the rate is .000016. If this rate should be questioned, the fork can be again rated and a simple correction applied. The fork is carefully kept at the Stevens Inst.i.tute, Hoboken, and comparisons were made with two other forks, in case it was lost or injured.
In counting the sound beats, experiments were tried to find if the vibrations of the standard were affected by the other fork, but no such effect could be detected. In each case the number of beats was counted correctly to .02, or less than .0001 part, and in the great number of comparisons made this source of error could be neglected.
The error due to an incorrect estimate of the exact time when the images of the revolving mirror came to rest was eliminated by making the measurement sometimes when the speed was slowly increasing, and sometimes when slowly decreasing. Further, this error would form part of the probable error deduced from the results of observations.
We may then conclude that the error, in the measurement of _n_, was less than .00002.
The Deflection.
