Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts Volume Ii Part 105

=Opium, Newmann's.= Infusion of opium, strained, mixed with a little sugar, and fermented for some months in a warm place; and, lastly, strained and evaporated to an extract, or preserved in the liquid form.

=Opium, Powell's.= Opium, exhausted by coction with water, the residuum treated with spirit of wine, and the mixed tincture and decoction evaporated to an extract.

=Opium, Pu"rified.= _Syn._ OPIUM PURIFICATUM, L. The purified opium of old pharmacy is now represented by the aqueous extract of the Pharmacopias. (See page 703.) Formerly, picked opium, beaten to a pilular consistence, with the addition of a little water or proof spirit, was called 'SOFT PURIFIED OPIUM' (OPIUM PURIFICATUM MOLLE); and picked opium, dried in a water bath until brittle enough for powdering, was called 'HARD PURIFIED OPIUM' (O. P. DURUM). CORNETTE'S and JOSSE'S PURIFIED OPIUM are similar to the extract of Ph. L.

=Opium, Quercetan's.= Vinegar of opium evaporated to an extract.

=Opium, Strained.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM THEBAIc.u.m, OPIUM COLATUM, OPIUM PURIFICATUM, L. Opium dissolved or softened in an equal weight of water, pa.s.sed through canvas, and evaporated to the consistence of an extract. It is now superseded by the aqueous extract.

=Opium, Tor'refied.= _Syn._ ROASTED OPIUM; OPIUM TORREFACTUM, L. Opium, dried, cut into thin slices, and roasted on an iron plate, at a low heat, as long as it emits vapours, care being taken not to burn it.

=OPODEL'DOC.= 1. See LINIMENT OF SOAP.

2. (STEER'S OPODELDOC.) This, which differs from common opodeldoc chiefly in containing more soap, is prepared as follows:--

_a._ White Castile soap (cut very small), 2 lbs.; camphor, 5 oz.; oil of rosemary, 1 oz.; oil of origanum, 2 oz.; rectified spirit, 1 gall.; mix, and digest in a strong bottle (closely corked), by the heat of a water bath, until solution is complete; when the liquid has considerably cooled, add of liquor of ammonia, 11 oz., and immediately put it into wide-mouthed bottles (Steer's), cork them close, and tie them over with bladder. Very fine, solid and transparent when cold.

_b._ Soap, 4 oz.; camphor, 1 oz.; oil of rosemary and origanum, of each 1 dr.; rectified spirit, 1 pint; liquor of ammonia, 1-1/2 fl. oz. Mix.

_c._ (Phil. Coll. of Phar.) White soap, 28 oz.; camphor, 8 oz.; rectified spirit, 6-1/2 pints; dissolve, suffer the impurities to subside, add of liquor of ammonia, 4 fl. oz.; oils of rosemary and horsemint, of each 1 fl. oz.; and pour it into phials, as before.

=OPOPONAX.= A resinous substance obtained from the roots of the _Opoponax chironium_. It occurs in lumps of a reddish-yellow or brown colour, and has a waxy fracture. It has a powerful odour, which somewhat resembles garlic, and a bitter taste.

Opoponax is only partially soluble in alcohol, According to Payen it consists of a little volatile oil, a resin that melts it at 100 C., gum, inorganic and organic salts, and mechanical admixtures. It is used in French pharmacy; and was held in great esteem by Hippocrates, Theophrastus, and Dioscorides, all of whom employed it therapeutically.

=ORANGE.= _Syn._ AURANTIUM, L. The common SWEET ORANGE is the fruit of _Citrus Aurantium_. The SEVILLE or BITTER ORANGE is produced by _Citrus vulgaris_ or _Bigaradia_.

Oranges are probably about the most wholesome and useful of all the subacid fruits. Their juice differs from that of lemons chiefly in containing less citric acid and more sugar. In their general properties the two are nearly similar.

FACt.i.tIOUS ORANGE JUICE is made by dissolving citric acid, 1 oz., and carbonate of pota.s.sa, 1 dr., in water, 1 quart, and digesting the solution on the peel of half an orange until sufficiently flavoured; Narbonne honey or white sugar is then added to impart the necessary sweetness. Instead of orange peel, 5 or 6 drops of oil of orange peel, with 1/2 fl. oz. of tincture of orange peel, may be used.

ORANGE PEEL (CORTEX AURANTII) is an agreeable, stomachic, bitter tonic, especially useful as an adjunct to more active medicines. That ordered to be used in medicine is the exterior (yellow) rind of the _Citrus Bigaradia_, or bitter orange, dried in the months of February, March, or April. See CANDYING, INFUSION, ISSUE PEAS, OILS (volatile), &c.

=ORANGEADE'.= _Syn._ ORANGE SHERBET. 1. Juice of 4 oranges, thin peel of 1 orange, lump sugar, 4 oz.; boiling water, 3 pints.

2. Juice and peel of 1 large orange, citric acid, 15 gr.; sugar, 3 oz.; boiling water, 1 quart.

=Orangeade, Effervescing or Aerated.= 1. Mix 1 lb. of syrup of orange peel, a gallon of water, and 1 oz. of citric acid, and charge it strongly with carbonic acid gas with a machine.

2. Syrup of orange juice, 3/4 fl. oz.; aerated water, 1/2 pint.

3. Simple syrup, 1/2 fl. oz.; tincture of orange peel, 1/2 dr.; citric acid, 1 scruple; fill the bottle with aerated water.

4. Put into a soda-water bottle 1/2 oz. to 1 oz. of syrup of orange peel, 30 gr. of bicarbonate of potash, 8 oz. of water, and, lastly, 40 gr. of citric acid, in crystals, and cork immediately.

5. Put into each bottle 2 or 3 dr. of sugar, 2 drops of oil of orange peel, 30 gr. of bicarbonate of potash, or 25 gr. of bicarbonate of soda water to fill the bottle, and 40 gr. of citric acid, as before.

=OR'ANGE CHROME.= _Prep._ 1. From a solution of chromate of potash and diacetate of lead, as chrome yellow.

2. From chrome yellow or chromate of lead, by acting on it with a weak alkaline lye, until sufficiently darkened. Used as a pigment.

=ORANGE DYES.= These are produced from mixtures of red and yellow dyes in various proportions; or by pa.s.sing the cloth, previously dyed yellow, through a weak red bath.

1. A very good fugitive orange may be given with annotta, by pa.s.sing the goods through a solution made with equal parts of annotta and pearlash, or, still better, through a bath made of 1 part of annotta, dissolved in a lye of 1 part each of lime and pearlash and 2 parts of soda. The shade may be reddened by pa.s.sing the dyed goods through water acidulated with vinegar, lemon juice, or citric acid, or through a solution of alum. The goods are sometimes pa.s.sed through a weak alum mordant before immersion in the dye bath.

2. (For COTTON.) For 40 lbs. 2-1/2 lbs. annotta, 24 lbs. of bark, 3 quarts of chloride of tin. Boil the annotta, put off the boil, enter and wince until it has a good body. Then wring out, wash well, wring again, and shake out. Next, in a clean boiler, boil the bark in a bag for a quarter of an hour, add the chloride of tin, and enter, wince at the spring till the required shade is got.

3. (For SILK.) For 10 yards. Annotta, 1-3/4 oz.; bark, 1-1/4 oz.; chloride of tin, 1-1/2 oz. Give a good body of annotta at 212 Fahr.; wash in one water, then top with the bark and chloride of tin.

4. (For WOOL.) For 50 lbs. Boil 10 lbs. of bark and 1-1/2 lbs. of cochineal; add 2 lbs. of tartar, 2-1/2 quarts of yellow spirits. Enter at 200 Fahr.; boil 30 minutes. See ANNOTTA, DYEING, &c.

=ORANGE RED.= _Syn._ SANDIX. From white lead, by calcination, in a nearly similar manner to that by which red lead is prepared from the protoxide.

Brighter than red lead. Used wholly as a pigment.

=OR'ANGERY.= The gallery, building, or enclosure in a garden, in which orange trees are preserved or cultivated, to shield them from the effects of the external winter, or to a.s.sist their growth by artificial heat.

=OR'CHARD.= See CIDER.

=OR'CEIN.= C_{7}H_{7}NO_{2}. _Syn._ LICHEN LAKE. A brownish-red powder, obtained by dissolving orcin in ammonia, exposing the solution to the air, and then precipitating with dilute acetic acid. It is nearly insoluble in water, but dissolves freely in solutions of ammonia and the fixed alkalies, with the production of a rich purple or violet colour. It probably const.i.tutes the leading tinctorial ingredient in ARCHIL, CUDBEAR, and LITMUS. (See _below_.)

=OR'CHIL.= See ARCHIL.

=OR'CIN.= C_{7}H_{8}O_{2}. The general product of the decomposition of the acids obtained from the tinctorial lichens under the influence of heat or the alkaline earths.

_Prep._ 1. The powdered lichen is treated with boiling alcohol, the tincture filtered whilst hot, and again after it has become cold; the alcohol is then removed by distillation, and the remainder evaporated to the consistence of a syrup; this is redissolved in water, and the solution is again filtered and evaporated to a syrup; it is then set aside some days in a cool place, and the crystals of orcin which form are collected, and dried by pressure in bibulous paper. Impure.

2. Lecanoric or orsenillic acid (impure will do) is boiled in baryta water, and the excess of baryta is precipitated by carbonic acid; the filtered liquid is then evaporated to a small bulk, and set aside to crystallise, as before.

_Prop., &c._ Large, square, prismatic crystals; slightly yellowish; intensely sweet; very soluble in both water and alcohol; melt to a syrupy liquid, and then distil unchanged. Alkalies decompose it; when exposed to the air, it gradually reddens. (See _above_.)

=OREIDE.= A variety of bra.s.s, in appearance very much like gold. The following, according to MM. Menrier and Valient, its inventors, is the composition of this alloy:--Copper, 100 parts; zinc, 17 parts; magnesia, 6 parts; sal ammoniac, 36 parts; quicksilver, 180 parts; tartar of commerce, 9 parts. The copper being first melted, the other ingredients are added by small portions at a time, the whole being kept in fusion for about half an hour, and during which time they are kept skimmed. The oreide has a fine grain, is malleable, is capable of being brilliantly polished, and has its l.u.s.tre restored by the use of acidulated water.

=OR'ELLIN.= A yellow colouring matter contained together with bixin in annotta. It is soluble in water and in alcohol, slightly soluble in ether, and dyes alumed goods yellow. Also the name sometimes given to purified annotta. The commercial annotta is dissolved in an alkaline solution, either caustic or carbonated, and then precipitated by an acid. See ANNOTTA.

=ORES.= The mineral bodies from which metals are obtained. The processes adopted for this purpose const.i.tute OPERATIVE METALLURGY; those by which their value is determined, MINERAL a.s.sAYING.

A very small proportion only of the metals are met with in nature in the free or elementary condition, by far the greater number found being united with some non-metallic element or elements, in definite atomic proportions, and as such forming true chemical compounds, in which in almost every instance the physical and chemical properties of the metal are obliterated. In these bodies, which, when they are used as sources of the metals commonly employed by man, are called ORES, the metal is mostly combined with oxygen or sulphur, sometimes with carbonic acid, and less frequently with chlorine, and other negative elements. Thus we have the native combinations of iron and oxygen const.i.tuting the minerals known as haemat.i.te iron ore (Fe_{2}O_{3}), bog iron ore (Fe_{2}O_{3},3H_{2}O), and magnetic iron ore (Fe_{2}O_{3},FeO), of tin and oxygen in tin stone (SnO_{2}), and of copper and oxygen known as red copper ore (Cu_{2}O). Of the princ.i.p.al ores into which sulphur enters as a chemical ingredient, we may mention native sulphide of antimony (Sb_{2}S_{3}); the two native sulphides of a.r.s.enic, realgar (As_{2}S_{2}) and orpiment (As_{2}S_{3}); galena, or native sulphide of lead (PbS), blende, or native sulphide of zinc (ZnS), and cinnabar, or native sulphide of mercury (HgS). Besides the above, there are also certain double native sulphides, such as the double sulphide of iron and copper, known as Peac.o.c.k ore, and having the composition Fe_{2}S_{3},3Cu_{2}S; iron and copper pyrites (Fe_{2}S_{3},Cu_{2}S); and red silver ore (Sb_{2}S_{3},3AgS).

In the state of carbonate, ores occur--as malachite native carbonate of copper (CuCO_{3}.Cu(HO)_{2}), as calamine, or native carbonate of zinc (ZnCO_{3}), and as spathose iron ore, or native carbonate of iron (FeCO_{3}). Horn silver and horn lead, the former having the composition AgCl, and the latter PbCO_{3} + PbCl_{2} are ill.u.s.trations of ores containing chlorine.

The process of obtaining the metal from the ore of course varies with the nature and character of the latter. Before, however, this operation can be undertaken, the ore itself is subjected to certain mechanical operations, in order to remove the gangue or the adhering earthy, rocky, stony, and other matters with which it is always more or less mixed up. The amount of attention which is given to this preparatory treatment of the ores greatly depends upon their value; those, for instance, of copper and lead as commanding a higher market price than those of zinc and iron being submitted to commensurate treatment. This process of freeing the ores from the gangue, which is termed dressing, is generally conducted as follows, mostly near the pit entrance of the mine whence the ores have been extracted.

If the material brought up to the pit's mouth is a lead or a copper ore, it mostly contains a number of lumps, which are considered sufficiently pure for the smelting oven, and these are set aside without being dressed.

Generally, however, the ore is first broken by hammers into pieces about as large as a walnut, and the best pieces are then selected for smelting.

The remaining or inferior portions are then crushed under the large and horizontal cylinders of a grinding mill, to which they are supplied by hoppers. After being ground the ore is separated by being made to pa.s.s through coa.r.s.e sieves, the coa.r.s.er portions being set aside for the stampers, whilst the finer ones are subjected to the operation of jigging.

This consists in a workman separating the contents of the sieve under water by imparting to them such a movement that the bits of ore (particularly if they are of a friable nature like galena) become broken, and thus pa.s.s through the meshes of the sieve to the bottom of the water, whilst the less friable and specifically lighter matter, mostly consisting of gangue, remains behind on the sieve. This residue, being mixed with the coa.r.s.er portions resulting from the first sifting, and which have not been subjected to the jigging process, is transferred to the stamping mill, whilst those portions of ore found at the bottom of the well are reserved for smelting. If the ore be one containing tin, it does not undergo the above processes, but pa.s.ses at once to the stamping apparatus.