Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts Volume I Part 15

SENNA, leaves of _cynanchum argel._ SHERRY, sulphates of potash, soda, brandy, burnt sugar, &c.

SNUFF, carbonate of ammonia, gla.s.s, sand, colouring matter, &c.

SODA, BICARBONATE, carbonate and sulphate of soda.

SODA, CARBONATE, sulphate of soda.

SODA, PHOSPHATE OF, phosphate of lime.

SPICES, colouring materials, subst.i.tutions, and different flours.

SQUILLS (POWDERED), wheat flour.

SUGAR (MOIST), sand, flour, &c.

SULPHUR, sulphurous acid (as an impurity).

SULPHURIC ACID, lead, water, a.r.s.enic, hydrochloric acid, &c.

TAPIOCA, mixing inferior starches with the pure tapioca.

TEA, sand, iron filings, exhausted tea leaves, foreign leaves; and in green teas, black lead, Prussian blue, China clay.

TOBACCO, inferior tobacco, water.

TURMERIC, yellow ochre, carbonate of soda, or potash.

UVA URSI (BEARBERRY LEAVES), leaves of red whortleberry, and others.

VINEGAR, sulphuric acid, and metallic impurities.

WINES, water, jerupiga, bitartrate of potash, subst.i.tution of inferior wines, brandy, spirits, and various other matters.

ZINC, OXIDE OF, chalk, carbonate of magnesia.

"The Sale of Food and Drugs Act" has now supplemented several Acts which were pa.s.sed during the present century for the prevention of adulteration.

An Act prohibiting the mixture of injurious ingredients with intoxicating liquors remains unrepealed, as do also one or two statutes relating to trade frauds as for example the Adulteration of Seeds Act, 1809. These latter have not been incorporated in "the Sale of Food and Drugs" Act.

=ae= (e). [L.] For words sometimes written with this initial diphthong, and not found below, look under =E=.

=aeGI'RINON= (-ji'-). [Gr.] See OINTMENT.

=aeGYPTI'Ac.u.m= (-jip-ti'-). [Lat.] _Syn._ UNGUEN'TUM aeGYPTIAc.u.m, L. Oxymel or liniment of verdigris. The name originated with Hippocrates, who is said to have learned its composition in Egypt.

=aeOL'IPILE= (-pile). A hollow ball of metal, having a slender neck with a very small orifice, contrived to exhibit the conversion of water into steam by the action of heat, and to account for the natural production of winds. It was known to the ancients, is mentioned by Vitruvius, and was studied by Descartes and others. It has been used in _surgery_ to produce eschars, in the same cases as moxas; the effect of the steam being limited by means of a piece of perforated pasteboard. When filled with alcohol, and the jet of vapour inflamed, it is sometimes employed as a blowpipe. M.

Soyer used an apparatus of this kind to supply the heat in his portable furnace. The liquid, however, which he employed was camphine.

=A'ER=, (a'-er). [L. prim. Gr.] Air.

=A'ERATED= (a'-er-rate-ed). In _chemistry_, &c., impregnated with carbonic acid. See ALKALI, LEMONADE, WATERS, MINERAL.

=AE"RIAL= (a-ere'-e-al). Belonging to the air or atmosphere; produced by, consisting of, depending on, or partaking of the nature of the air.

AERIFICA'TION (a-er-e-). _Syn._ AeRIFICA'TIO, L.; AeRIFICATION, GAZeIFICATION, Fr. In _chemistry_, the conversion of a body into gas.

=A'ERIFORM= (a'-er-). _Syn._ AeRIFORM'IS, L.; AeRIFORME, GAZeIFORME, Fr.

LUFTFORMIG, &c., Ger. In _chemistry_, air-like, gaseous.

=AEROL'OGY.= _Syn._ AeROLO'GIA, L.; AeROLOGIE, Fr., Ger. In _physics_, a discourse or treatise of the air. In _physiology_ and _hygiene_, the doctrine of the air, more especially with regard to its salubrity and action on organised beings.

=AEROM'ETER.= _Syn._ AeROME'TRUM, L.; AeROMeTRE, Fr. An instrument used in aerometry.

=AEROM'ETRY=. _Syn._ AeROME'TRIA, L.; AeROMeTRIE, Fr.; LUFTMESSKUNST, &c., Ger. In _chemistry_ and _physics_, the art of measuring gases, and of determining their densities.

=AERONAUT'ICS.= _Syn._ AeRONAUTIQUE, Fr. The art of sailing in, or of navigating the air. See BALLOONS.

=AEROPHO'BIA.= [L.] _Syn._ AeROPHOBIE, Fr. In _pathology_, a dread of air (wind); a common symptom in hydrophobia, and occasionally present in hysteria and phrenitis.

=AEROSTAT'ICS.= _Syn._ AeROSTAT'ICA, L.; AeROSTATIQUE, Fr. That branch of pneumatics which treats of air, and other elastic fluids, in a state of rest.

=AEROSTA'TION.= [Eng., Fr.] _Syn._ AeROSTA'TIO, L. The art of weighing the air; aerial suspension and navigation. See BALLOONS.

=aeRU'GO= (e-). [L.] The rust of bra.s.s, bronze, or copper; verdigris.

=aeSCULIN.= C_{21}H_{24}O_{13}. A crystalline fluorescent substance existing in the bark of the horse-chestnut (_aesculus hippocastanum_) and of other trees of the genera _aesculus_ and _Paria_. In the above-named sources aesculin is a.s.sociated with another fluorescent body called Pariin.

=ae"THER.= See ETHER.

=aeITHE"REA= (-there-). [L. pl.] Ethers.

=aeSTHET'ICS= (ez-). _Syn._ aeSTHET'ICA, L. Medicines or agents which affect sensation. See ANaeSTHETICS and HYPERaeSTHETICS.

=aeTHIOPS.= See ETHIOPS.

=AFFEC'TION.= [Eng., Fr.] _Syn._ AFFEC'TIO, L. In _pathology_, a term nearly synonymous with disease.

=AFFINITY.= _Syn._ CHEMICAL AFFINITY; AFFINITAS, L.; AFFINITe, Fr.; VERWANDTSCHAFT, Ger. If oil and water be shaken together they produce no change upon one another, as is proved by their separating into two layers with their properties unaltered, when the mixture is allowed to remain at rest for a short time. Such bodies are said, in chemical language, to have no affinity for one another. If iodine and metallic mercury be rubbed together in a mortar they will unite in definite proportions by weight, and form a combination possessing properties totally distinct from those of its const.i.tuents. Thus, iodine is a greyish, metallic-looking solid, convertible into a violet vapour by heat, perceptibly soluble in water, and capable of producing a blue compound with starch. Mercury is a metallic, silvery-looking liquid. The product of their union (biniodide of mercury) is a scarlet powder, dest.i.tute of metallic l.u.s.tre, convertible into vapour by heat, without the production of violet fumes, insoluble in water, and incapable of developing a blue colour with starch. Again, the greenish-yellow and intensely poisonous gas, chlorine, unites in definite proportions by weight with the soft, wax-like, and highly poisonous metal sodium to produce the white crystalline solid chloride of sodium (common salt), a compound which, except in very large quant.i.ties, is not only not poisonous, but actually beneficial to health.

Such combinations are called chemical compounds, and the force which binds their const.i.tuents together is distinguished from all other attractive forces by the term affinity or chemical affinity. Bodies united by affinity are also said to have united chemically.

Affinity is in most cases exerted between different substances, in which respect it resembles adhesion; but bodies united by adhesion, _e.g._ ink to paper, paint to wood, &c., unlike those united by affinity, suffer no change of properties.

Affinity is exerted at immeasurable distances, therefore substances to be submitted to its influence must be brought into (apparently) actual contact. This condition is frequently fulfilled by the vaporisation, fusion, or solution of one or more of the bodies to be submitted to its action.

In many instances substances which have no affinity for one another at ordinary temperatures manifest this power when heated.

Whenever chemical union takes place, heat is invariably evolved; conversely, the decomposition of a chemical compound is always accompanied by an apparent loss of heat or reduction of temperature.

Finally, the most striking phenomena characteristic of, and accompanying, chemical affinity are, development of heat, change of properties, and union in definite or constant proportions by weight.

=AFFUSION.= In _chemistry_, the washing of a precipitate, &c., for the purpose of removing soluble matters. In _medicine_, affusion is of three kinds:--

1. _Lotions_, which consist in washing a part of the body with a sponge or rag soaked in a liquid.

2. _Aspersions_, which consist in throwing a liquid drop by drop, like rain, upon the body.

3. _Shower baths_, which consist in allowing a number of small streams of water to fall from a height upon the surface of the body. If the water fall from a considerable height, affusion is then termed _douche_ by the French.

=AFT'ER-DAMP.= _Syn._ CHOKE-DAMP. Carbonic acid gas resulting from explosion of air and fire-damp (light carbonetted hydrogen) in coal mines.

=AFT'ER-PAINS.= Those following childbirth. The only remedy is patience; they may, however, be frequently alleviated by small doses of morphia or liquor opii sedativus. Heated cloths and warm fomentations are sometimes useful, particularly if a.s.sisted by moderate but sufficient pressure on the abdomen, by means of a broad bandage. They seldom follow with severity the first birth.

_Treatment for Animals._ Remove clots from parts, raise the hind-quarters.

Give clysters of linseed tea, lukewarm, and laudanum or belladonna extract. Syringe out parts with Condy's fluid considerably diluted. Give internally belladonna, opium, or chloroform. Draw away milk.

=AFT'ER-WASH= (wosh). In the art of the distiller, the liquor in the still after the spirit has been drawn over.