Common Science Part 29

INFERENCE EXERCISE

Explain the following:

311. A red postage stamp looks greenish gray in the green light of a mercury-vapor lamp.

312. Cracks are left between sections of the roadbed in cement auto highways.

313. Electricity goes up a mountain through a wire.

314. It is impossible to stand sidewise against a wall on one foot, when that foot touches the wall.

315. A charged storage battery will run an electric automobile.

316. An empty house is noisier to walk in and talk in than is a furnished one.

317. Lightning rods are made of metal.

318. It is harder to hold a frying pan by the end of the handle than by part of the handle close to the pan.

319. Diamonds flash many colors.

320. In swimming, if you have hold of a fastened rope and try to pull it toward you, you go toward it.

SECTION 35. _Complete circuits._

Why does a doorbell ring when you push a b.u.t.ton?

Why is it that when you touch one electric wire you feel no shock, while if you touch two wires you sometimes get a shock?

When a wire is broken in an electric light, why does it not light?

Suppose you have some water in an open circular trough like the one shown in Figure 123. Then suppose you have a paddle and keep pushing the water to your right from one point. The water you push pushes the water next to it, that pushes the water next to it, and so on all around the trough until the water just behind your paddle pushes in toward the paddle; the water goes around and around the trough in a complete circuit. There never is too much water in one place; you never run out of water. But then suppose a part.i.tion is put across the trough somewhere along the circuit. When the water reaches that, it cannot pa.s.s; it has no place to flow to, and the current of water stops.

THE ELECTRIC CIRCUIT. The flow of electricity in an electric circuit may be compared to the flow of the water in the tank we have been imagining. The long loop of wire extending out from the dynamo to your house and back again corresponds to the tank. The electricity corresponds to the water. Your dynamo pushes the electricity around and around the circuit, as the paddle pushes the water. But let some one break the circuit by putting a part.i.tion between two parts of it, and the electricity immediately stops flowing. One of the most effective part.i.tions we can put into an electric circuit is a gap of air. It is very difficult for any electricity to flow through the air; so if we simply cut the wire in two, electricity can no longer flow from one part to the other, and the current is broken.

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 123. Electricity flows around a completed circuit somewhat as water might be made to flow around this trough.]

BREAKING AND MAKING THE CIRCUIT. The most convenient way to put an air part.i.tion into an electric circuit and so to break it, or to close the circuit again so it will be complete, is to use a switch.

EXPERIMENT 67. In the laboratory, examine the three different kinds of switches where the electricity flows into the lamp and resistance wire and then out again. Trace the path the electricity must take from the wire coming into the building down to the first switch that it meets; then from one end of the wire through the bra.s.s or copper to which the wire is screwed, through the switch and on out into the end of the next piece of wire. Turn the first switch off and see how a part.i.tion of air is made between the place where the electricity comes in and the place where it would get out if it could. Turn the switch on and notice how this gives the electricity a complete path through to the next piece of wire.

In this way follow the circuit on through all the switches to the electric lamp.

If you examine the socket into which the lamp screws and examine the lamp itself, you will see that electricity which goes to the outer part of the socket pa.s.ses into the rim of the lamp; from here it goes into one end of the filament. It pa.s.ses through the filament to the other end, which is connected to the little bra.s.s disk at the end of the lamp. From this you can see that it goes into the center point of the socket, and then on into the second wire that connects to the socket. Trace the current on back through this other wire until you see where this wire leads toward the dynamo. You should understand that the electric lamp, the switches, the fuses, all things along the circuit, are simply parts of the long loop from the dynamo, as shown in Figure 124.

CONNECTING IN PARALLEL. The trouble with Figure 124 is that it is a little too simple. From looking at it you might think that the loop entered only one building. And it might seem that turning off one switch would shut off the electricity all along the line. It would, too, if the circuit were arranged exactly as shown above. To avoid this, and for other reasons, the main loop from the dynamo has branches so that the electricity can go through any or all of them at the same time and so that shutting off one branch will not affect the others. Electricians call this _connecting in parallel_; there are many parallel circuits from one power house.

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 124. Diagram of the complete circuit through the laboratory switches.]

Figure 125 ill.u.s.trates the principle just explained. As there diagrammed, the electricity pa.s.ses out from the dynamo along the lower wire and goes down the left-hand wire of circuit _A_ through one of the electric lamps that is turned on, and then it goes back through the right-hand wire of the _A_ circuit to the upper wire of the main circuit and then on back to the dynamo. But only a part of the electricity goes through the _A_ circuit; part goes on to the _B_ circuit, and there it pa.s.ses partly through the electric iron. Then it goes back through the other wire to the dynamo. No electricity can get through the electric lamp on the _B_ circuit, because the switch to the lamp is open. The switch on the _C_ circuit is open; so no electricity can pa.s.s through it.

The purpose of the diagram is to show that electricity from the dynamo may go through several branch circuits and then get back to the dynamo, and that shutting off the electricity from one branch circuit does not shut it off from the others. And the purpose of this section is to make it clear that electricity can flow only through a complete circuit; it must have an unbroken path from the dynamo back to the dynamo again or from one pole of the battery back to the other pole.

If the electricity does not have a complete circuit, it will not flow.

_APPLICATION 52._ A small boy disconnected the doorbell batteries from the wires that ran to them, and when he wanted to put the wires back, he could not remember how they had been connected. He tried fastening both wires to the carbon part of the battery, connecting one wire to the carbon and one to the zinc, and connecting both to the zinc. Then he decided that one wire was all that had to be connected anyway, that the second was simply to make it stronger. Which of the ways he tried, if any, would have been right?

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 125. Parallel circuits.]

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 126. How should he connect them?]

_APPLICATION 53._ Dorothy was moving. "When they took out our telephone," she said to her chum, Helen, "the electrician just cut the wires right off."

"He must have turned off the electricity first," Helen answered, "or else it would all have run out of the cut ends of the wire and gone to waste."

"Why, it couldn't," Dorothy said. "Electricity won't flow off into the air."

"Of course it can if there is nothing to hold it in," Helen argued.

Which was right?

INFERENCE EXERCISE

Explain the following:

321. It is very easy to get chilled when one is perspiring.

322. Ice cream becomes liquid if you leave it in your dish too long.

323. You should face forward when alighting from a street car.

324. There are always at least two electric wires going into a building that is wired.

325. Woolen sweaters keep you warm.

326. Steel rails are not riveted to railroad ties but the spikes are driven close to each rail so that the heads hook over the edge and hold the rail down without absolutely preventing its movement forward and backward. Why should rails be laid in this way?

327. The earth keeps whirling around the sun without falling into it, although the pull from the sun is very great.

328. Electricity is brought down from power houses in the mountains by means of cables.

329. White clothes are cooler than black when the person wearing them is out in the sun.

330. All the street cars along one line are stopped when a trolley wire breaks.

SECTION 36. _Grounded circuits._