Children Of The City Part 8

4. Chicago Vice Commission, The Social Evil in Chicago (Chicago, 1912), 24751.

5. Ibid., 237; Mike Gold, Jews Without Money (1930; reprint, New York, 1965), 6.

6. Chicago Vice Commission, Social Evil, 6.

7. Edward Clopper, Child Labor in City Streets (New York, 1912), 11113.

8. Ruth True, The Neglected Girl (New York, 1914), 19.

9. "The Pre-Adolescent Girl ... Gads Hill Center," LDT, box 7, folder 4, 13.

10. Mark Thomas Connelly, The Response to Prost.i.tution in the Progressive Era (Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1980), 11435.

11. Ruth Rosen, The Lost Sisterhood: Prost.i.tution in America, 19001918 (Baltimore, 1982), 20.

12. Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn (New York, 1943), 218; Kate Simon, Bronx Primitive (New York, 1982), 13842.

13. See, e.g., "Minutes" of NYCLC Executive Committee, October 17, 1904, August 30 and December 20, 1905, and January 20, February 24, and May 8, 1906, NYCLC, box 11, folder 1, part 2, 3; Elsa Wertheim, "Chicago Children in the Street Trades" (1917), JAMC, 9; Bruce Watson, "Street Trades in Pennsylvania," American Child IV (August 1922), 121.

14. U. S. Department of Labor, Children's Bureau, Child Labor Legislation in the United States (Washington, D.C., 1915), 382417.

15. Lillian Wald, The House on Henry Street (1915; reprint, New York, 1971), 7172.

16. See, e.g., on controversy over "stage children" in Chicago, S. H. Clark, "The Artist Child," in The Child in the City, ed. Sophonisba P. Breckinridge (Chicago, 1912), 3029.

17. Milton Berle with Haskel Frankel, Milton Berle (New York, 1974), 6771.

18. New York Times, May 20, 1913, 1.

19. SPCC folders, LW, box 42.

20. James Paulding, "Enforcing the Newsboy Law in New York and Newark," Charities XIV (June 10, 1905), 836.

21. John Commons et al., History of Labor in the United States (New York, 1935), III:435; U. S. Department of Labor, Child Labor Legislation, 382417.

22. Paulding, "Enforcing Newsboy Law," 83637; Elizabeth C. Watson, "Report of Investigation Conducted for the NYCLC" (1911), NYCLC, box 3, folder 4, 38; see also "Report of Committee on Newsboys to the Board of Directors," February 15, 1909, November 18, 1910, and March 2, 1917, in "Minutes" of NYCLC Executive Board, NYCLC, box 11, book 2; letters dated November 8, 1911, from superintendents of schools in Utica and Yonkers to George Hall on "enforcement of laws," NYCLC, box 31, folder 12; "View of Situation-2/13/17-E. H. Sullivan," memo, NYCLC, box 31, folder 22.

23. Paulding, "Enforcing Newsboy Law," 83637; Esther Lee Rider, "Newsboys in Birmingham," American Child III (February 1922), 316; Alexander Fleisher, "The Newsboys of Milwaukee," Fifteenth Biennial Report of the Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics, State of Wisconsin (191112), 6162; Wilma Ball, "Street Trading in Ohio," American Child I (August 1919), 126; Edward Clopper, "Children on the Streets of Cincinnati," Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Meeting of the National Child Labor Committee (Supplement to the Annals, 1908, 116; Maurice Hexter, "The Newsboys of Cincinnati," Studies from the Helen S. Trounstine Foundation I, no. 4, (January 15, 1919), 165.

24. "Extracts from School Superintendents' Letters Regarding Newsboy Law," NYCLC, box 11, book 2; letters sent to George Hall on the enforcement of the newsboy law, NYCLC, box 31, folder 6.

25. Report by Ethel Hanks, NYCLC, box 15, folder 12.

26. "View of Situation," NYCLC, box 31, folder 22.

27. Philip Davis, Street-land: Its Little People and Big Problems (Boston, 1915), 199201.

28. Davis, Street-land, 20211, 21718; Lewis E. Palmer, "Horatio Alger, Then and Now," Survey XXVII (December 2, 1911), 1276.

29. Davis, Street-land, 2025; Boston School Committee, "Superintendent's Report, Appendix D," in School Doc.u.ments (1910), 137.

30. Boston School Committee, School Doc.u.ments, 13537; Lyman Beecher Stowe, "Boy Judges in a Boys Court," Outlook CIII (March 1, 1913), 49596.

31. Stowe, in Outlook, 496.

32. Palmer, in Survey, 1276.

33. Stowe, in Outlook, 496.

34. Davis, Street-land, 221; Perry O. Powell, "Getting Hold of Milwaukee's Newsboys," Playground X (November 1910), 296300; B. E. Kuechle, "Newsboys' Republic," Survey XIX (March 22, 1913), 859; Fleisher, "Newsboys of Milwaukee," 6162.

35. "Milwaukee Newsboys' Republic," Outlook CIII (April 5, 1913), 74344.

36. Madeleine Appel, "Enforcement of the Street Trades Law in Boston," American Child IV (August 1922), 1046.

Chapter Eleven.

1. Editor and Publisher, May 17, 1902, 7.

2. Maurice Hexter, "The Newsboys of Cincinnati," Studies from the Helen S. Trounstine Foundation I, no. 4 (January 15, 1919), 120; Alexander Fleisher, "The Newsboys of Milwaukee," Fifteenth Biennial Report of the Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics, State of Wisconsin (191112), 69.

3. Anna Reed, Newsboy Service: A Study in Educational and Vocational Guidance (Yonkers, 1917), 1617; Hexter, "Newsboys," 120.

4. Harry Bremer, "Street Trades Investigation" (October 9, 1912), NCLC, box 4, 1213.

5. David I. Macleod, Building Character in the American Boy: The Boy Scouts, YMCA, and Their Forerunners, 18701920 (Madison, Wis., 1983), 282, 292.

6. Charity Organization Society papers. CSS. (To preserve confidentiality, further citation prohibited by rules governing use of this collection.) 7. Illinois Humane Society, case no. 548 (February 25, 1910), IHS, record 60.

8. William Hard, "De kid wot works at night," Everybody's Magazine XVIII (January 1908), 35.

9. Jacob Riis, "The New York Newsboy," Century Magazine Lx.x.xV (December 1912), 252.

10. Fleisher, "Newsboys of Milwaukee," 6970; Riis, "New York Newsboy," 253; [Myron Adams] "Newsboy Conditions in Chicago," j.a.p, 8.

11. Investigators' reports on Dominic Pavano and Harry Browne, NYCLC, box 31, folder 9.

12. Mervyn LeRoy, as told to d.i.c.k Kleiner, Mervin LeRoy: Take One (New York, 1974), 20.

13. "What a member of the Newsboy Law enforcing squad thinks about newspaper selling for young boys" (1914), NYCLC, box 33, folder 20.

14. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, October 6, 1917, 1.

15. See, e.g., Joe E. Brown, as told to Ralph Hanc.o.c.k, Laughter Is a Wonderful Thing (New York, 1956), 4.

16. The Hustler I, no. 4 (November 1917), 3.

17. Hexter "Newsboys," 147.

18. Robert Bruere, "Industrial Democracy: A Newsboys' Labor Union and What It Thinks of a College Education," Outlook Lx.x.xI (1906), 87983.

19. Johan Huizinga, h.o.m.o Ludens: A Study of the Play Element in Culture (Boston, 1955), 12.

20. G. Stanley Hall, Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its Relations to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, s.e.x, Crime, Religion and Education, 2 vols. (New York, 1905).

21. Allen F. Davis, "Introduction," in Jane Addams, The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets (1909; reprint, New York, 1972), xiixiii; Macleod, Building Character, 11213.

Chapter 12.

1. W. A. Swanberg, Pulitzer (New York, 1967), 14445.

2. Memos for Mr. Pulitzer on the newsboys' strike (July 21, 22, 24, 1899), NYWP.

3. Frank Luther Mott, American Journalism, A History: 16901960, 3rd. ed. (New York, 1962), 598.

4. Edwin Emery, The Press and America, 2nd ed. (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1962), 444.

5. Memo to Pulitzer, July 27, NYWP, 3.

6. New York Times, July 21, 1899, 2; New York Sun, July 21, 1899, 3.

7. Times, July 22, 4; Sun, July 22, 3.

8. Sun, July 22, 3.

9. Times, July 22, 4; Sun, July 22, 3.

10. Brooklyn Daily Eagle, July 21, 2.

11. Sun, July 21, 3.

12. New York Daily Tribune, July 26, 2.

13. Sun, July 21, 3.

14. Memo to Pulitzer, July 25, NYWP, 12.

15. Memo to Pulitzer, July 27, NYWP, 2.

16. Sun, July 21, 3, July 24, 3, July 25, 2, and July 31, 2; Tribune, July 26, 2, July 28, 2, and August 1, 3.

17. Times, July 23, 3; Sun, July 23, 2, and July 24, 3.

18. Sun, July 23, 2.

19. Memo to Pulitzer, NYWP, July 24, 2, and July 25, 2.

20. Sun, July 23, 2.

21. Tribune, July 26, 2.

22. Sun, July 23, 2.

23. Sun, July 25, 2; Times, July 25, 3; Tribune, July 24, 1.

24. Memo to Pulitzer, July 27, NYWP, 2.

25. Tribune, August 2, 3.

26. Mott, American Journalism, 598.

27. Sun, July 27, 3, and July 28, 2; Tribune, July 31, 3.

28. Tribune, July 26, 2.

29. Times, July 22, 4, and July 23, 3.

30. Sun, July 28, 2.

31. Sun, July 25, 2.

32. Times, July 25, 3.

33. Sun, July 25, 2; Times, July 25, 3.

34. Tribune, July 27, 2.

35. Sun, July 25, 2, July 27, 3, and July 28, 2.

36. Times, (1910), February 6, 16, July 22, 7, July 27, 5, November 24, 4, and November 25, 3; H. H. J. Porter, "The Strike of the Messenger Boys," Survey XXV (December 1910), 43132; Detroit Free Press, June 11, 1914, 8.

37. Emery, The Press, 521.

38. Editor and Publisher, December 9, 1916, 34, and February 24, 1917, 10.

39. David Montgomery, Workers' Control in America (Cambridge, England, 1979), 95, 97.