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59. W. K. V. Gale, Iron and Steel Iron and Steel, London, 1969, p. 12; Arnold Pacey, The Maze of Ingenuity: Ideas and Idealism in the Development of Technology The Maze of Ingenuity: Ideas and Idealism in the Development of Technology, Cambridge, Ma.s.s., 1992, p. 12; B. Gille, "Transformation of Raw Materials," in Daumas, I, pp. 49395.
60. Geddes, "Iron," p. 173.
61. Leslie Aitchison, A History of Metals A History of Metals, London, 1960, vol. I, pp. 24849.
62. Ibid., p. 142.
63. Ibid., pp. 25354.
64. Bertrand Gille, "The Problems of Power and Mechanization," in Daumas, I, p. 448.
65. White, Medieval Technology and Social Change Medieval Technology and Social Change, p. 110.
66. Bertrand Gille, "La Naissance du systeme bielle-manivelle," Techniques et civilisations Techniques et civilisations 2 (1952), pp. 4246; Needham, 2 (1952), pp. 4246; Needham, Science and Civilization Science and Civilization, vol. IV, pt. 2, pp. 1416.
67. Jean Theodorides, "The Byzantine Empire (Sixth to Fifteenth Centuries)," in Daumas, I p. 373.
68. Robert L. Reynolds, Europe Emerges: Transition Toward an Industrial World-wide Society Europe Emerges: Transition Toward an Industrial World-wide Society, 6001750, Madison, Wis., 1967, p. 33.
69. Gregory of Tours, History History, ch. II, sect. 14, p. 130; Pierre Lavedan, French Architecture French Architecture, Harmondsworth, 1956, p. 83.
70. Bertrand Gille, "The Organization of s.p.a.ce," in Daumas, I, pp. 52930; Lavedan, French Architecture French Architecture, p. 84.
71. Bede, A History of the English Church and People A History of the English Church and People, trans. Leo Sherley-Price, Harmondsworth, 1986, p. 315.
72. B. Gille, "Organization of s.p.a.ce," in Daumas, I, p. 546.
73. Leicester Bodine Holland, "Traffic Ways About France in the Dark Ages (5001150)," Ph.D. thesis, University of Pennsylvania, Allentown, 1919, p. 6.
74. Bertrand Gille, "The Problem of Transportation," in Daumas, I, p. 436.
75. Marjorie Nice Boyer, Medieval French Bridges: A History Medieval French Bridges: A History, Cambridge, Ma.s.s., 1976, p. 17.
76. Holland, "Traffic Ways," pp. 63, 71.
77. Boyer, Medieval French Bridges Medieval French Bridges, p. 160.
78. C. T. Flower, Public Works in Medieval Law Public Works in Medieval Law, London, 19151923, cited in Boyer, Medieval French Bridges Medieval French Bridges, p. 160.
79. Forbes, "Power," in Singer, II, pp. 6078.
80. Unger, The Ship in the Medieval Economy The Ship in the Medieval Economy, p. 47; John H. Pryor, Geography, Technology, and War: Studies in the Maritime History of the Mediterranean Geography, Technology, and War: Studies in the Maritime History of the Mediterranean, 6491571, Cambridge, 1988, p. 27. That Muslim and Christian ships resembled each other is indicated by the popular ruse de guerre ruse de guerre of concealing a ship's ident.i.ty until close to an enemy or pirate prey. of concealing a ship's ident.i.ty until close to an enemy or pirate prey.
81. Unger, The Ship in the Medieval Economy The Ship in the Medieval Economy, pp. 47, 49.
82. Pryor, Geography, Technology, and War Geography, Technology, and War, p. 27.
83. Leighton, Transport and Communication Transport and Communication, p. 143.
84. Unger, The Ship in the Medieval Economy The Ship in the Medieval Economy, p. 63; B. Gille, "Problem of Transportation," in Daumas, I, pp. 43738; T. C. Lethbridge, "Shipbuilding," in Singer, II, p. 579.
85. Gwyn Jones, A History of the Vikings A History of the Vikings, New York, 1968, pp. 18689; Lethbridge, "Shipbuilding," in Singer, II, p. 580.
86. Unger, The Ship in the Medieval Economy The Ship in the Medieval Economy, p. 88.
87. Jones, History of the Vikings History of the Vikings, p. 187.
88. Ibn Fadlan, cited in Hodges and Whitehouse, Mohammed, Charlemagne, and the Origins of Europe Mohammed, Charlemagne, and the Origins of Europe, p. 123, and Jones, History of the Vikings History of the Vikings, pp. 16465.
89. Richard Unger, "Warships and Cargo Ships in Medieval Europe," Technology and Culture Technology and Culture 22 (1981), p. 242. 22 (1981), p. 242.
90. Ibid., p. 240.
91. Leighton, Transportation and Communication Transportation and Communication, pp. 1516.
92. R. J. Forbes, Man the Maker: A History of Technology and Engineering Man the Maker: A History of Technology and Engineering, London, 1958, p. 105.
93. Boethius, Consolation of Philosophy Consolation of Philosophy, trans. Richard Green, bk. 1, poem 2, pp. 56, cited in John F. Benton, "Ideas of Order: Music, Mathematics, and Medieval Architecture," Caltech Lecture Series, p. 6.
94. Ibid., p. 18.
95. Charles Homer Haskins, The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century, New York, 1963 (first pub. in 1927), p. 33.
96. Pierre Riche, Daily Life in the World of Charlemagne Daily Life in the World of Charlemagne, trans. Jo Ann McNamara, Philadelphia, 1980, p. 208.
97. Lynn White, Jr., "Dynamo and Virgin Reconsidered," American Scholar American Scholar 27 (1958), p. 189. 27 (1958), p. 189.
98. Riche, Daily Life Daily Life, p. 145.
99. James Bryce, The Holy Roman Empire The Holy Roman Empire, New York, 1905, p. 80.
100. P. Boissonade, Life and Work in Medieval Europe: The Evolution of Medieval Economy from the Fifth to the Fifteenth Century Life and Work in Medieval Europe: The Evolution of Medieval Economy from the Fifth to the Fifteenth Century, trans. Eileen Power, New York, 1964 (first pub. in 1927), p. 95.
101. R. Reynolds, Europe Emerges Europe Emerges, p. 156.
102. Lynn White, Jr., "Conclusion: The Temple of Jupiter Revisited," in White, ed., The Transformation of the Roman World: Gibbon's Problem After Two Centuries The Transformation of the Roman World: Gibbon's Problem After Two Centuries, Berkeley, Calif., 1966, p. 304.
4: THE ASIAN CONNECTION.
1. Needham, Science and Civilization Science and Civilization, vol. I, pp. 16162.
2. Ibid., p. 238.
3. Ibid., p. 168.
4. Wild, Textile Manufacture Textile Manufacture, pp. 2627.
5. Needham, Science and Civilization Science and Civilization, vol. I, p. 187.
6. Ibid., p. 236.
7. Ibid., pp. 23436.
8. Ibid., IV, pt. 2, p. 236; A. C. Crombie, Medieval and Early Modern Science Medieval and Early Modern Science, vol. I, Science in the Middle Ages: VXIII Centuries Science in the Middle Ages: VXIII Centuries, New York, 1959 (first pub. in 1952), p. 25.
9. Joseph Needham, "Poverties and Triumphs of the Chinese Scientific Tradition," in A. C. Crombie, ed., Scientific Change Scientific Change, New York, 1963, pp. 125, 13132; Needham, Science and Civilization Science and Civilization, vol. IV, pt. 2, p. 17.
10. Needham, "Poverties and Triumphs," pp. 12631.
11. Needham, Science and Civilization Science and Civilization, vol. IV, pt. 2, p. 19.
12. Ibid., vol. IV, pt. 1, Physics Physics, pp. 23940.
13. Ibid., vol. IV, pt. 2, p. 20.
14. Ibid., vol. I, pp. 24448.
15. Ibid., p. 241.
16. Joseph Needham, "Chinese Priorities in Cast Iron Metallurgy," Technology and Culture Technology and Culture 5 (1964), pp. 4023. 5 (1964), pp. 4023.
17. Needham, Science and Civilization Science and Civilization, vol. IV, pt. 2, pp. 37071.
18. Ibid., pp. 19294.
19. Ibid., pp. 36465.
20. Ibid., pp. 39294.
21. Ibid., p. 416. The idea of the paddle-wheel boat was present in the Roman treatise De rebus bellicis De rebus bellicis, now believed to date to about A.D. A.D. 370, but the boat was evidently never actually built. E. A. Thompson, ed., 370, but the boat was evidently never actually built. E. A. Thompson, ed., A Roman Reformer and Inventor, Being a Text of the Treatise "De rebus bellicis," A Roman Reformer and Inventor, Being a Text of the Treatise "De rebus bellicis," Oxford, 1950; also Needham, Oxford, 1950; also Needham, Science and Civilization Science and Civilization, vol. IV, pt. 2, pp. 413, 434.
22. Needham, Science and Civilization Science and Civilization, vol. IV, pt. 2, pp. 44764.
23. Ibid., p. 436.
24. Ibid., pp. 26171.
25. Ibid., vol. I, pp. 23031.
26. Ibid., p. 134.
27. Ibid., p. 129.
28. Ibid., vol. IV, pt. 2, pp. 28284.
29. Ibid., pp. 29095.
30. Ibid., pt. 1, p. 269.
31. Ibid., pp. 25960, 28182.
32. Ibid., pp. 24951.
33. Ibid., p. 279.
34. Ibid., pt. 2, p. 233.
35. Ibid., vol. V, pt. 7, p. 1.
36. Ibid., pp. 1415.
37. Ibid., pt. 1, Paper and Printing Paper and Printing (Ysien Tsuen-Hsuin), p. 296. (Ysien Tsuen-Hsuin), p. 296.
38. Ibid., pp. 7172, 7376.
39. Ibid., pp. 109, 123.
40. Ibid., pp. 96102. Marco Polo visited the mint in the Mongol capital of Kanbalu (modern Peking) and watched the paper currency being printed and issued. (Henry H. Hart, Marco Polo, Venetian Adventurer Marco Polo, Venetian Adventurer, Norman, Okla., 1967, pp. 11819.) William of Rubruck described it as "the length and breadth of a palm [of the hand], stamped with lines similar to those of the seal of Mangu Khan." (Manuel Komroff, ed., Contemporaries of Marco Polo Contemporaries of Marco Polo, New York, 1989 [first pub. in 1928], p. 152.) 41. Needham, Science and Civilization Science and Civilization, vol. V, pt. I, p. 365 (poem translated by Howard Winger).
42. Ibid., vol. I, p. 236; vol. V, pt. 1, pp. 29798.
43. Derry and Williams, pp. 23233.
44. Arnold Pacey, Technology in World Civilization Technology in World Civilization, Cambridge, Ma.s.s., 1991, pp. 4243.
45. Needham, Science and Civilization Science and Civilization, vol. V, pt. 1, pp. 3067.
46. Ibid., pp. 2012.
47. Ibid., pp. 2067.
48. Ibid., p. 304.
49. Joel Mokyr, The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress, New York, 1990, p. 39.
50. Andrew H. Watson, "The Arab Agricultural Revolution and Its Diffusion, 7001100," Journal of Economic History Journal of Economic History 34 (1974), pp. 2122. 34 (1974), pp. 2122.
51. Philip Hitti, History of the Arabs from the Earliest Times to the Present History of the Arabs from the Earliest Times to the Present, London, 1964, pp. 30915.
52. Bernard Lewis, The Arabs in History The Arabs in History, New York, 1960 (first pub. in 1950), p. 91.
53. Charles Homer Haskins, The Normans in European History The Normans in European History, New York, 1966 (first pub. in 1915), p. 228.
54. Aziz S. Atiya, Crusade, Commerce, and Culture Crusade, Commerce, and Culture, New York 1966 (first pub. in 1962), pp. 236, 238.
55. Watson, "Arab Agricultural Revolution," pp. 835.
56. Maureen Fennell Mazzaoui, The Italian Cotton Industry in the Later Middle Ages (11001600) The Italian Cotton Industry in the Later Middle Ages (11001600), Cambridge, 1981, pp. 2124; Atiya, Crusade, Commerce and Culture Crusade, Commerce and Culture, p. 239.
