Carpentry for Boys Part 6

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66. _Dormer._--A window pierced in a roof and so set as to be vertical, while the roof slopes away from it. Also called a _Gablet_.

67. _Dowel._--A pin or stud in one block, or body, designed to engage with holes in another body to hold them together in alignment.

68. _Drip._--That part of a cornice or sill course A, or other horizontal member which projects beyond the rest, so as to divert water.

69. _Detents._--Recesses to lock or to serve as a stop or holding place.

70. _Extrados._--The exterior curve of an arch, especially the upper curved face A. B is the _Intrados_ or _Soffit_.

71. _Engrailed._--Indented with small concave curves, as the edge of a bordure, bend, or the like.

72. _Facet._--The narrow plain surface, as A, between the fluting of a column.

73. _Fret, Fretwork._--Ornamental work consisting of small fillets, or slats, intersecting each other or bent at right angles. Openwork in relief, when elaborated and minute in all its parts. Hence any minute play of light and shade. A, j.a.panese fretwork. B, Green fret.

74. _Frontal_, also called _Pediment_.--The triangular s.p.a.ce, A, above a door or window.

75. _Frustums._--That part of a solid next the base, formed by cutting off the top; or the part of any solid, as of a cone, pyramid, etc., between two planes, which may either be parallel or inclined to each other.

76. _Fylfat._--A rebated cross used as a secret emblem and worn as an ornament. It is also called _Gammadium_, and more commonly known as _Swastika_.

77. _Gambrel Roof._--A curb roof having the same section in all its parts, with a lower, steeper and longer part. See _Curb Roof_ and distinguish difference.

78. _Gargoyle._--A spout projecting from the roof gutter of a building, often carved grotesquely.

79. _Gudgeon._--A wooden shaft, A, with a socket, B, into which is fitted a casting, C. The casting has a _gudgeon_, D.

[Ill.u.s.tration: _Fig. 80.-Fig. 93._]

80. _Guilloche._--An ornament in the form of two or more bands or strings twisted together or over or through each other.

81. _Half Timbered._--Constructed of a timber frame, having the s.p.a.ces filled in with masonry.

82. _Hammer Beam._--A member of one description of roof truss, called hammer-beam truss, which is so framed as not to have a tie beam at the top of the wall. A is the _hammer beam_, and C the pendant post.

83. _Haunches._--The parts A, A, on each side of the crown of an arch.

Each haunch is from one-half to two-thirds of the half arch.

84. _Header._--A piece of timber, A, fitted between two trimmers, B, B, to hold the ends of the tail beams, C, C.

85. _Hip Roof._--The external angle formed by the meeting of two sloping sides or skirts of a roof which have their wall plates running in different directions.

86. _Hood Molding._--A projecting molding over the head of an arch, as at A, forming the outer-most member of the archivolt.

87. _Inclave._--The border, or borders, having a series of dovetails.

One variation of molding or ornamentation.

88. _Interlacing Arch._--Arches, usually circular, so constructed that their archivolts, A, intersect and seem to be interlaced.

89. _Invected._--Having a border or outline composed of semicircles or arches, with the convexity outward. The opposite of engrailed.

90. _Inverted Arch._--An arch placed with the crown downward; used in foundation work.

91. _Keystone._--The central or topmost stone, A, of an arch, sometimes decorated with a carving.

92. _King Post._--A member, A, of a common form of truss for roofs. It is strictly a tie intended to prevent the sagging of the tie beam, B, in the middle. If there are struts, C, supporting the rafters, D, they extend down to the foot of the _King Post_.

93. _Label._--The name given to the projecting molding, A, around the top of the door opening. A form of mediaeval architecture.

[Ill.u.s.tration: _Fig. 94.-Fig. 104._]

94. _Louver._--The sloping boards, A, set to shed rain water outward in an opening of a frame, as in belfry windows.

95. _Lintel._--A horizontal member. A spanning or opening of a frame, and designed to carry the wall above it.

96. _Lug._--A. projecting piece, as A, to which anything is attached, or against which another part, like B, is held.

97. _M-Roof._--A kind of roof formed by the junction of two common roofs with a valley between them, so the section resembles the letter M.

98. _Mansard Roof._--A hipped curb roof, that is, a roof having on all sides two slopes, the lower one, A, being steeper than the upper portion or deck.

99. _Newel Post._--The upright post at the foot of a stairway, to which the railing is attached.

100. _Parquetry._--A species of joinery or cabinet work, consisting of an inlay of geometric or other patterns, generally of different colored woods, used particularly for floors.

101. _Peen._ also _Pein._--The round, _round_-edged or hemispherical end, as at A, of a hammer.

102. _Pendant._--A hanging ornament on roofs, ceilings, etc., and much used in the later styles of Gothic architecture where it is of stone.

Imitated largely in wood and plaster work.

103. _Pentastyle._--A pillar. A portico having five pillars, A, is called the _Pentastyle_ in temples of cla.s.sical construction.

104. _Pedestal._--An upright architectural member, A, right-angled in plan, constructionally a pier, but resembling a column, having a capital, shaft and base to agree with the columns in the structure.

[Ill.u.s.tration: _Fig. 105.-Fig. 117._]

105. _Pintle._--An upright pivot pin, or the pin of a hinge; A represents the _pintle_ of a rudder.

106. _Portico._--A colonnade or covered structure, especially in cla.s.sical style, of architecture, and usually at the entrance of a building.

107. _Plate._--A horizontal timber, A, used as a top or header for supporting timbers, roofs and the like.

108. _Queen Post._--One of two suspending posts in a roof truss, or other framed truss of simple form. Compare with _King Post._ A, B, tie beam; C, C, queen posts; D, straining piece; E, princ.i.p.al rafter; F, rafter.

109. _Quirk Molding._--A small channel, deeply recessed, in proportion to its width, used to insulate and give relief to a convex rounded molding. An excellent corner post for furniture.

110. _Re-entering._--The figure shows an irregular polygon (that is, many-sided figure) and is a re-entering polygon. The recess A is a re-entering angle.

111. _Rafter._--Originally any rough and heavy piece of timber, but in modern carpentry used to designate the main roof support, as at A. See _Queen Post_.