Blue Revolution Part 8

Chapter 4 Powerful Thirst.

1. Mitch Weiss, aDrought Could Force Nuclear-Plant Shut-Downs,a a.s.sociated Press, January 24, 2008.[back]

2. Joan F. Kenny and others, aEstimated Use of Water in the United States in 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1344,a 2009, http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1344/.[back]

3. Ibid.[back]

4. Eric Pooley, The Climate War: True Believers, Power Brokers, and the Fight to Save the Earth (New York: Hyperion, 2010), 143.[back]

5. Benjamin K. Sovacool and Kelly E. Sovacool, aPreventing National Electricity-Water Crisis Areas in the United States,a Columbia Journal of Environmental Law 34, no. 2 (Summer 2009): 365.[back]

6. Robert F. Durden, Bold Entrepreneur: A Life of James B. Duke (Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2003), 96.[back]

7. Ibid., 43 and 97.[back]

8. Ibid., 63.[back]

9. Duke Farms Foundation, aHydropower,a http://www.dukefarms.org/History/Landscape/Hydropower/.[back]

10. Durden, Bold Entrepreneur, 63.[back]

11. Ibid., 65.[back]

12. Duke Farms Foundation, aHydropower.a[back]

13. Durden, Bold Entrepreneur, 100a"101.[back]

14. Ibid., 120.[back]

15. Catawba Riverkeeper, aAbout the Catawba-Wateree River,a http://www.catawbariverkeeper.org/about-the-catawba/catawba-wateree-facts/.[back]

16. Durden, Bold Entrepreneur, 120.[back]

17. Ibid., 136.[back]

18. Ibid., 122.[back]

19. Ibid., 123a"24.[back]

20. Ibid., 124a"26.[back]

21. Ibid., 133a"34.[back]

22. Steven Solomon, Water: The Epic Struggle for Wealth, Power, and Civilization (New York: HarperCollins, 2010), 286a"87.[back]

23. Ibid., 287.[back]

24. Elizabeth Leland, aCry for the Catawba, Part 1: Drought and Development Threaten the Source of Life for Our Cities,a Charlotte Observer, October 28, 2007.[back]

25. Amy Baldwin, aDuke Makes Deal for Crescent,a Charlotte Observer, September 9, 2006.[back]

26. Crescent Resources, http://www.crescent-resources.com/.[back]

27. Baldwin, aDuke Makes Deal for Crescent.a[back]

28. The 785-million-gallon-per-day figure is from Dukeas filings with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, but the filing says it is more than 80 million gallons higher during times of drought, when Duke has to pump more to keep the river cooler, FERC doc.u.ment 20080801a"5227, 41.[back]

29. Duke Energy, aHow Do Coal-Fired Plants Work?,a http://www.duke-energy.com/about-energy/generating-electricity/coal-fired-how.asp/.[back]

30. Victoria Morton, aElectric Power Plant Water Use in North Carolina: Forced Evaporation and Emission Controlsa (masteras project, Nichols School of the Environment, Duke University, 2010).[back]

31. U.S. Department of Energy, aEnergy Demands on Water Resources: Report to Congress on the Interdependency of Energy and Watera (December 2006), 30, http://www.sandia.gov/energy-water/docs/121-RptToCongress-EWwEIAcomments-FINAL.pdf; and Sovacool and Sovacool, aPreventing National Electricity-Water Crisis Areas in the United States,a 360.[back]

32. State of North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Water Quality, aPermit to Discharge Wastewater Under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System,a Permit # NC0004979, pg. 3.[back]

33. State of North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Water Quality, Permit Notice, Allen Steam Station, April 28, 2010.[back]

34. John Downey, aDuke Energy, State Monitoring Lake Norman Fish Deaths,a Charlotte Observer, July 23, 2010.[back]

35. Sue Sturgis, aDisaster in East Tennessee,a Southern Exposure (Inst.i.tute for Southern Studies), May 2010, http://www.southernstudies.org/2010/05/disaster-in-east-tennessee.html.[back]

36. Electric Light & Power, aDuke Energy Moving into New Corporate Headquarters,a July 22, 2010, http://www.elp.com/index/display/article-display/0623439481/articles/electric-light-power/generation/2010/07/Duke_Energy_moving_into_new_corporate_headquarters.html.[back]

37. Pooley, The Climate War, 352.[back]

38. Democracy North Carolina, aSpecial-Interest PACS Guard Tax Loopholes,a research report, June 16, 2009, 4.[back]

39. Clive Thompson, aA Green Coal Baron?a New York Times Magazine, June 22, 2008.[back]

40. Jim Rogers, aWhy Nuclear Power Is Part of Our Future,a Wall Street Journal, August 4, 2009.[back]

41. Sovacool and Sovacool, aPreventing National Electricity-Water Crisis Areas in the United States,a 340.[back]

42. U.S. Energy Information Administration, aFrequently Asked Questions: Electricity,a http://www.eia.doe.gov/ask/electricity_faqs.asp/.[back]

43. U.S. Department of Energy, aEnergy Demands on Water Resources: Report to Congress on the Interdependency of Energy and Watera (December 2006), v, http://www.sandia.gov/energy-water/docs/121-RptToCongress-EWwEIAcomments-FINAL.pdf.[back]

44. Weiss, aDrought Could Force Nuclear-Plant Shut-Downs.a[back]

45. Dave Flessner, aHot River Forces Costly Cutback for TVA,a Chattanooga Times Free Press, August 23, 2010.[back]

46. Michael Hightower, aEnergy Securitya"Addressing the Water Footprint,a Ground Water 47, no. 6 (Novembera"December 2009): 765a"66.[back]

47. Phil McKenna, aMeasuring Corn Ethanolas Thirst for Water,a MIT Technology Review, April 14, 2009.[back]

48. Shaun McKinnon, aAmid Stateas Push for Solar Power, Water-Supply Worries Arise,a Arizona Republic, January 17, 2010.[back]

49. Colin Sullivan, aCalifornia Regulators Ask Genesis Solar to Revise Water-Use Proposal,a Energy & Environment News, June 17, 2010.[back]

50. American Wind Energy a.s.sociation, http://www.awea.org/.[back]

51. Reuters, aU.S. Wind Power Growing Fast But Still Lags,a CNET News, March 19, 2010.[back]

52. Duke Energy, a2009 Net Megawatt Hour Generation,a Duke Energy 2009a"2010 Sustainability Report, Environmental Metrics, http://sustainabilityreport.duke-energy.com/environmental/metrics.asp/.[back]

53. David Owen, aThe Inventoras Dilemma,a New Yorker, May 17, 2010.[back]

54. Natural Resources Defense Council and Pacific Inst.i.tute, aEnergy Down the Drain: The Hidden Costs of Californiaas Water Supply,a August 2004, 2, http://www.nrdc.org/water/conservation/edrain/edrain.pdf.[back]

55. State of South Carolina v. State of North Carolina, no. 138, original, June 7, 2007.[back]

56. Ibid.[back]

57. David H. Getches, Water Law in a Nutsh.e.l.l (St. Paul, MN: West, 1997), 397.[back]

58. Kevin Colburn, aCatawba a.n.a.lysis Released, Meetings Planned,a American Whitewater (March 20, 2009), http://www.americanwhitewater.org/content/Article/view/articleid/30316/display/full/.[back]

59. State of South Carolina v. State of North Carolina, no. 138, October 13, 2009: 35.[back]

60. Ibid., 24.[back]

61. Duke Energy, aWater: A Shared Resource,a Duke Energy 2009a"2010 Sustainability Report, Environmental Footprint, http://sustainabilityreport.duke-energy.com/environmental/water-shared-resource.asp; and Edward D. Bruce, aDeveloping a Protocol for Water Use During a Drought,a Hydroworld.com 27, no. 1.[back]

62. aThe Duke Mansion: Built in 1915, Saved in 1998, The History of Charlotteas Grandest Home,a Duke Mansion brochure.[back]

Chapter 5 Taproot of the Crisis.

1. Craig Pittman and Jessica Vander Velde, a30 Percent of Florida Crops Damaged by Freeze; 22 Sinkholes Open After Fields Sprayed,a St. Petersburg Times, January 14, 2010; and Freeze Event Workshop, Southwest Florida Water Management District, February 17, 2010, Plant City, Florida.[back]

2. Ibid.[back]

3. James A. Miller, aThe Floridan Aquifer System,a in Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, HA 730-G, 1990, http://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/ha730/ch_g/G-text6.html.[back]

4. Cynthia Barnett, Mirage: Florida and the Vanishing Water of the Eastern U.S. (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007), 1.[back]

5. This is the Southwest Florida Water Management Districtas official figure.[back]

6. Hillsborough County Schools, aWork Set to Begin at Trapnell Elementary,a press release, Hillsborough County Schools, February 2, 2010.[back]

7. Donna Koehn, aSinkhole Politics: Who Gets Heard?,a Tampa Tribune, January 17, 2010.[back]

8. Ibid.[back]

9. Barry Newman, aThis Town Is Going Down, and Strawberries Share the Blame,a Wall Street Journal, April 19, 2010.[back]

10. aDetermining the Need for a Cap on Groundwater Use for Freeze Protection,a Southwest Florida Water Management District presentation, technical work session, Tampa, Florida, April 21, 2010, http://www.swfwmd.state.fl.us/emergency/frost-freeze/04a"21a"10_PDF-Introduction-Overview.pdf.[back]

11. aWorkshop Summary,a Southwest Florida Water Management District, Public Workshop #1, Plant City, Florida, February 17, 2010, http://www.swfwmd.state.fl.us/emergency/frost-freeze/02a"17a"10_Workshop_Minutes.pdf.[back]

12. Ibid.[back]

13. Ibid.[back]

14. Jerald L. Schnoor, aWater Sustainability in a Changing World,a National Water Research Inst.i.tute, 2010 Clarke Prize Lecture, Costa Mesa, California, July 15, 2010.[back]

15. Joan F. Kenny and others, aEstimated Use of Water in the United States in 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1344,a 2009, http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1344/.[back]

16. John Opie, Ogallala: Water for a Dry Land (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000), 7 and xvii.[back]

17. Andrew Kimbrell, ed., Fatal Harvest: The Tragedy of Industrial Agriculture (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2002), 230.[back]

18. Opie, Ogallala, 3a"4. The High Plains, or Ogallala, Aquifer originally contained three billion acre-feet of water. In his book, published in 2000, Opie reported the total at two billion.[back]

19. U.S. Geological Survey, aLand Subsidence in the United States,a USGS Fact Sheet 165a"00, December 2000.[back]

20. U.S. Department of Agriculture, aLong Range Planning for Drought Managementa"the Groundwater Component,a http://wmc.ar.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/GW/Drought.html.[back]

21. Douglas Jehl, aArkansas Rice Farmers Run Dry, and U.S. Remedy Sets Off Debate,a New York Times, November 11, 2002. The 2015 projection is from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Memphis District.[back]

22. John B. Gates, aGroundwater Irrigation in the Development of the Grand Prairie Rice Industry, 1896a"1950,a University of Nebraskaa"Lincoln Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Papers in the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Year 2005, 412.[back]

23. Ibid.[back]

24. California Rice Commission, aWater Supply,a http://calrice.thewebhounds.com/Environment/Balance+Sheet/Chapter+2+-+Water+Supply.htm.[back]

25. Melinda Burns, aTrading aVirtuala Water,a Miller-McCune, June 10, 2009, http://www.miller-mccune.com/business-economics/trading-virtual-water-3650/.[back]

26. Fred Pearce, When the Rivers Run Dry: Watera"the Defining Crisis of the Twenty-First Century (Boston: Beacon Press, 2006), 5.[back]

27. Nathan Childs and Janet Livezey, aRice Backgrounder,a U.S. Department of Agriculture, RCS-2006a"01, December 2006, 8.[back]

28. Robert Glennon, Unquenchable: Americaas Water Crisis and What to Do About It (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2009), 276.[back]

29. Childs and Livezey, aRice Backgrounder,a 31.[back]

30. Norman Myers and Jennifer Kent, Perverse Subsidies: How Tax Dollars Can Undercut the Environment and the Economy (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2001), 136a"37.[back]

31. David Lewis Feldman, Water Policy for Sustainable Development (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press), 46.[back]

32. Carolyn Dimitri and others, aThe 20th Century Transformation of U.S. Agriculture and Farm Policy,a U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service, Economic Information Bulletin no. 3 (June 2005): 2.[back]