Beyond The Hundredth Meridian Part 15

1 Powell Survey, Letters Received, VIII, No. 233. Powell Survey, Letters Received, VIII, No. 233.

2 Abram Hewitt, "Consolidating the Western Surveys." Abram Hewitt, "Consolidating the Western Surveys."

3 F. V. Hayden, Personal Letters Received, contains numerous reports from Packard and Pearson indicating that they had their ears (very unsuccessfully) to the ground. Darrah reprints several, all showing that Hayden's scouts did not fear Powell, knew nothing of what he was up to, considered King the strongest opposition, but thought Hayden held a very strong position. Darrah, F. V. Hayden, Personal Letters Received, contains numerous reports from Packard and Pearson indicating that they had their ears (very unsuccessfully) to the ground. Darrah reprints several, all showing that Hayden's scouts did not fear Powell, knew nothing of what he was up to, considered King the strongest opposition, but thought Hayden held a very strong position. Darrah, Powell of the Colorado, Powell of the Colorado, p. 247. p. 247.

4 Powell Survey, Letters Sent, II, Nos. 982, 983, 984-5. Powell Survey, Letters Sent, II, Nos. 982, 983, 984-5.

5 Smith, Smith, Virgin Land, Virgin Land, esp. pp. 165-200. esp. pp. 165-200.

6 The historical development of the garden-myth of the West, from F. V. Hayden's 1867 guess that timber would increase on the plains following settlement, to the full elaboration of the theory by Samuel Aughey and Charles Dana Wilber, both chiefs of the tribe of Gilpin, is traced in detail in Henry Nash Smith, "Rain Follows the Plow: the Notion of Increased Rainfall for the Great Plains, 1844-1880," The historical development of the garden-myth of the West, from F. V. Hayden's 1867 guess that timber would increase on the plains following settlement, to the full elaboration of the theory by Samuel Aughey and Charles Dana Wilber, both chiefs of the tribe of Gilpin, is traced in detail in Henry Nash Smith, "Rain Follows the Plow: the Notion of Increased Rainfall for the Great Plains, 1844-1880," Huntington Library Quarterly, Huntington Library Quarterly, X (1947), 169-93, and summarized in X (1947), 169-93, and summarized in Virgin Land, Virgin Land, pp. 179-83. It was Wilber, a speculator and town-builder, who coined the slogan, "Rain follows the Plow," which, corroborated by Cyrus Thomas, did incalculable damage to western agricultural resources by encouraging grain farming where it should never have been attempted. pp. 179-83. It was Wilber, a speculator and town-builder, who coined the slogan, "Rain follows the Plow," which, corroborated by Cyrus Thomas, did incalculable damage to western agricultural resources by encouraging grain farming where it should never have been attempted.

7 As I have pointed out earlier (in Part I, Chapter I, note 4), even a supposedly sober historian, Reuben Gold Thwaites, raised Gilpin to 200,000,000, as late as 1904. Malthus was not a popular scholar in the eighteen-seventies. Henry George attacked his views, Spencer Baird demonstrated that an acre of sea was ten times as productive of human food as an acre of land, the Midwest looked at its crops and bet its pile on the future. As I have pointed out earlier (in Part I, Chapter I, note 4), even a supposedly sober historian, Reuben Gold Thwaites, raised Gilpin to 200,000,000, as late as 1904. Malthus was not a popular scholar in the eighteen-seventies. Henry George attacked his views, Spencer Baird demonstrated that an acre of sea was ten times as productive of human food as an acre of land, the Midwest looked at its crops and bet its pile on the future.

8 Congressional Record, VIII, Part 3, 45th Cong., 3rd Sess. Congressional Record, VIII, Part 3, 45th Cong., 3rd Sess.

9 20 Stat. 20 Stat. L, p. 394, March 3, 1879. L, p. 394, March 3, 1879.

10 Known as the Bureau of American Ethnology after 1894. Known as the Bureau of American Ethnology after 1894.

11 Pilling to E. E. Howell, March 17, 1879, Pilling to J. J. Stevenson, April 1, 1879, Powell Survey, Letters Sent, III, Nos. 379, 380. Pilling to E. E. Howell, March 17, 1879, Pilling to J. J. Stevenson, April 1, 1879, Powell Survey, Letters Sent, III, Nos. 379, 380.

12 Powell Survey, Letters Received, IX, No. 316. Powell Survey, Letters Received, IX, No. 316.

13 The The Education of Henry Adams, Education of Henry Adams, pp. 294-95, 322. pp. 294-95, 322.

14 As late as 1885, when he published his volume As late as 1885, when he published his volume Facts Concerning the Origin, Organization, Administration, Functions, History, and Progress of the Princ.i.p.al Government Land and Marine Surveys of the World Facts Concerning the Origin, Organization, Administration, Functions, History, and Progress of the Princ.i.p.al Government Land and Marine Surveys of the World (extracted from the report on the Third International Geographical Congress and Exhibition to which he was a commissioner and delegate), Wheeler was still ran corously a.s.serting the right of the War Department to conduct western topographical surveys, a right interrupted by "the temporarily successful claim of certain geologists to the control of Government topographical map work" (p. 489). (extracted from the report on the Third International Geographical Congress and Exhibition to which he was a commissioner and delegate), Wheeler was still ran corously a.s.serting the right of the War Department to conduct western topographical surveys, a right interrupted by "the temporarily successful claim of certain geologists to the control of Government topographical map work" (p. 489).

15 This report actually took two forms. The first was the This report actually took two forms. The first was the Report of the Public Lands Commission, Created by the Act of March 3, 1879, Relating to Public Lands in the Western Portion of the United States and to the Operation of Existing Land Laws Report of the Public Lands Commission, Created by the Act of March 3, 1879, Relating to Public Lands in the Western Portion of the United States and to the Operation of Existing Land Laws (Washington, 1880). The second was Thomas Donaldson's (Washington, 1880). The second was Thomas Donaldson's The Public Domain: Its History, with Statistics The Public Domain: Its History, with Statistics (Washington, 1884), which utilized and elaborated the commission's findings. (Washington, 1884), which utilized and elaborated the commission's findings.

16 Hilgard to Powell, December 12, 1878, Powell Survey, Letters Received, VII, No. 216. Hilgard to Powell, December 12, 1878, Powell Survey, Letters Received, VII, No. 216.

17 On the founding of the Cosmos Club, On the founding of the Cosmos Club, see The Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of the Founding of the Cosmos Club of Washington, D.C., with a doc.u.mentary history of the club from its organization to November 16, 1903 see The Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of the Founding of the Cosmos Club of Washington, D.C., with a doc.u.mentary history of the club from its organization to November 16, 1903 (Washington, 1904). (Washington, 1904).

IV. THE REVENUE OF NEW DISCOVERY.

1.

1 The Education of Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams, p. 346. p. 346.

2 My discussion of King is based primarily upon Harry Crosby, "So Deep a Trail," the My discussion of King is based primarily upon Harry Crosby, "So Deep a Trail," the Clarence King Memoirs, Clarence King Memoirs, the letter files of the United States Geological Survey and of the King, Hayden, and Powell Surveys, the letter files of the United States Geological Survey and of the King, Hayden, and Powell Surveys, The Education of Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams, the letters of Henry and Mrs. Henry Adams, and the King Papers (Hague Collection) in the Henry E. Huntington Library. the letters of Henry and Mrs. Henry Adams, and the King Papers (Hague Collection) in the Henry E. Huntington Library.

3 The Education of Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams, p. 311. p. 311.

4 Ibid., Ibid., pp. 294-95. pp. 294-95.

5 United States Geological Survey, United States Geological Survey, 1st Annual Report, 1st Annual Report, 1880, pp. 3-4. 1880, pp. 3-4.

6 United States Geological Survey, Letters Sent, 1879, Nos. 91, 109, 111; 1880, No. 10. United States Geological Survey, Letters Sent, 1879, Nos. 91, 109, 111; 1880, No. 10.

7 United States Geological Survey, United States Geological Survey, 1st Annual Report, 1st Annual Report, pp. 5-6. pp. 5-6.

8 United States Geological Survey, Letters Sent, 1879, No. 91. United States Geological Survey, Letters Sent, 1879, No. 91.

9 Ibid., Ibid., 1880, No. 30. 1880, No. 30.

10 Ward Thoron, Ward Thoron, Letters Letters of of Mrs. Henry Adams, Mrs. Henry Adams, p. 278. p. 278.

11 The The Education of Education of Henry Adams, pp. 312-13. Henry Adams, pp. 312-13.

12 Harold Dean Cater, Henry Adams Harold Dean Cater, Henry Adams and and His His Friends, Friends, pp. 83-5, 86, letters to Morgan dated July 14, 1877, and June 3, 1878. pp. 83-5, 86, letters to Morgan dated July 14, 1877, and June 3, 1878.

2.

1 The "pentalogic" divisions of the Science of Man were first elaborated in five essays in The "pentalogic" divisions of the Science of Man were first elaborated in five essays in The American Anthropologist, The American Anthropologist, n.s., I, II, and III, (1899-1901). These were reprinted in the 19th and 20th n.s., I, II, and III, (1899-1901). These were reprinted in the 19th and 20th Annual Reports Annual Reports of the Bureau of American Ethnology. of the Bureau of American Ethnology.

2 Developed in Lewis H. Morgan, Developed in Lewis H. Morgan, Ancient Society Ancient Society (New York, 1877). (New York, 1877).

3 Thus the Thus the Weekly People, Weekly People, official organ of the Socialist Labor Party, devoted much of its issue of November 26, 1938, to a discussion of Morgan, and advertised official organ of the Socialist Labor Party, devoted much of its issue of November 26, 1938, to a discussion of Morgan, and advertised Ancient Society Ancient Society as "a companion work to Marx's as "a companion work to Marx's Capital." Capital."

4 In "From Savagery to Barbarism." In "From Savagery to Barbarism."

5 He stated and restated the "immeasurable difference" between animal and human evolution, insisting that human evolution is intellectual and no longer biotic. See "Human Evolution," He stated and restated the "immeasurable difference" between animal and human evolution, insisting that human evolution is intellectual and no longer biotic. See "Human Evolution," Transactions of the Anthropological Society of Washington, Transactions of the Anthropological Society of Washington, II (1883), 176-208; "Darwin's Contributions to Philosophy," II (1883), 176-208; "Darwin's Contributions to Philosophy," Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, I (1882), 60-70 (also in I (1882), 60-70 (also in Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, XXV); "The Three Methods of Evolution," XXV); "The Three Methods of Evolution," Bulletin of the Philosophical Society of Washington, Bulletin of the Philosophical Society of Washington, VI (1884), 27-52; and "Relation of Primitive Peoples to Environment, Ill.u.s.trated by American Examples," VI (1884), 27-52; and "Relation of Primitive Peoples to Environment, Ill.u.s.trated by American Examples," Smithsonian Report, Smithsonian Report, 1895, pp. 625-37. 1895, pp. 625-37.

6 "On the Evolution of Language, as exhibited in the specialization of the grammatic processes, the differentiation of the parts of speech and the integration of the sentence; from a study of the Indian Languages," Bureau of Ethnology, "On the Evolution of Language, as exhibited in the specialization of the grammatic processes, the differentiation of the parts of speech and the integration of the sentence; from a study of the Indian Languages," Bureau of Ethnology, 1 1st Annual Report, Annual Report, 1881, pp. 1-16. 1881, pp. 1-16.

7 R. H. Gabriel, R. H. Gabriel, The Course of American Democratic Thought The Course of American Democratic Thought (New York, 1940). (New York, 1940).

8 The vital - or lethal - influence of trade upon some of the Indian cultures is traced in Bernard DeVoto, The vital - or lethal - influence of trade upon some of the Indian cultures is traced in Bernard DeVoto, The Course of Empire, The Course of Empire, pp. 90-96. pp. 90-96.

9 Both Gallatin and Powell doubted the common a.s.sertion that the Indian race was being swiftly exterminated. See Powell, "Are Our Indians Becoming Extinct?" Both Gallatin and Powell doubted the common a.s.sertion that the Indian race was being swiftly exterminated. See Powell, "Are Our Indians Becoming Extinct?" Forum, Forum, XV (May, 1893), 343-54. XV (May, 1893), 343-54.

10 Bureau of American Ethnology, 24th Bureau of American Ethnology, 24th Annual Report, 1902-3, Annual Report, 1902-3, p. 37. p. 37.

11 It is described at length, with extensive ill.u.s.tration, in Thomas Donaldson, "The George Catlin Indian Gallery," It is described at length, with extensive ill.u.s.tration, in Thomas Donaldson, "The George Catlin Indian Gallery," Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Inst.i.tution, showing the operations, expenditures, and condition of the Inst.i.tution to July, 1885, Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Inst.i.tution, showing the operations, expenditures, and condition of the Inst.i.tution to July, 1885, Part V (Washington, 1886). The whole subject of early Western painting, both of the country and of the Indians, is only beginning to find its students. Robert Taft's Part V (Washington, 1886). The whole subject of early Western painting, both of the country and of the Indians, is only beginning to find its students. Robert Taft's Artists and Ill.u.s.trators of the Old West Artists and Ill.u.s.trators of the Old West is invaluable; so is the Appendix, "The First Ill.u.s.trators of the Far West," in Bernard DeVoto's is invaluable; so is the Appendix, "The First Ill.u.s.trators of the Far West," in Bernard DeVoto's Across the Wide Missouri. Across the Wide Missouri. The Smithsonian Inst.i.tution has published several short studies of painters of the Indian. These include David L. Bushnell's several contributions: "Drawings by A. LeBatz in Louisiana, 1732-1735," "Drawings by Jacques LeMoyne de Morgues of Saturioua, a Timucua Chief in Florida, 1564," "Sketches by Paul Kane in the Indian Country, 1845-1848," "Drawings by George Gibbs in the Far Northwest, 1849-1851," and "Seth Eastman: the Master Painter of the North American Indian," all in The Smithsonian Inst.i.tution has published several short studies of painters of the Indian. These include David L. Bushnell's several contributions: "Drawings by A. LeBatz in Louisiana, 1732-1735," "Drawings by Jacques LeMoyne de Morgues of Saturioua, a Timucua Chief in Florida, 1564," "Sketches by Paul Kane in the Indian Country, 1845-1848," "Drawings by George Gibbs in the Far Northwest, 1849-1851," and "Seth Eastman: the Master Painter of the North American Indian," all in Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections: Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections: Lx.x.x, No. 5; Lx.x.xI, No. 4; XCIX, No. 1; XCVII, No. 8; and Lx.x.xVII, No. 3. See also John C. Ewers, "Gustavus Schon's Portraits of Flathead and Pend d'Oreille Indians, 1854," Lx.x.x, No. 5; Lx.x.xI, No. 4; XCIX, No. 1; XCVII, No. 8; and Lx.x.xVII, No. 3. See also John C. Ewers, "Gustavus Schon's Portraits of Flathead and Pend d'Oreille Indians, 1854," Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, CX, No. 7; John Francis McDermott, "Samuel Seymour, Pioneer Artist of the Plains and Rockies," CX, No. 7; John Francis McDermott, "Samuel Seymour, Pioneer Artist of the Plains and Rockies," Smithsonian Report, Smithsonian Report, 1950, pp. 497-509; and Julian Steward, "Notes on Hillers' 1950, pp. 497-509; and Julian Steward, "Notes on Hillers' Photographs Photographs of the Paiute and Ute Indians Taken on the Powell Expedition of 1873," of the Paiute and Ute Indians Taken on the Powell Expedition of 1873," Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, XCVIII, No. 18. XCVIII, No. 18.

12 Albert Gallatin, "A Synopsis of the Indian Tribes of North America," Albert Gallatin, "A Synopsis of the Indian Tribes of North America," Archaeologia Americana, Archaeologia Americana, Transactions and Collections of the American Antiquarian Society, II (1836), 2. Transactions and Collections of the American Antiquarian Society, II (1836), 2.

13 Letter to G. F. Becker, April 4, 1882. King Papers, Letter Book, 1879-82. Letter to G. F. Becker, April 4, 1882. King Papers, Letter Book, 1879-82.

14 Published as the single accompanying paper of the Bureau of Ethnology, Published as the single accompanying paper of the Bureau of Ethnology, 10th Annual Report, 10th Annual Report, 1888-89. 1888-89.

15 J. W. Powell, "Indian Linguistic Families of America North of Mexico," Bureau of Ethnology, J. W. Powell, "Indian Linguistic Families of America North of Mexico," Bureau of Ethnology, 7th Annual Report, 1885-86. 7th Annual Report, 1885-86.

16 F. W. Hodge compiled a list of the bureau's publications and published it as a Bulletin in 1894-95. It contains all the major work of the bureau's first phase, including the distinguished series of Annual Reports with their accompanying papers, the F. W. Hodge compiled a list of the bureau's publications and published it as a Bulletin in 1894-95. It contains all the major work of the bureau's first phase, including the distinguished series of Annual Reports with their accompanying papers, the Bulletins, Bulletins, and the added volumes of and the added volumes of Contributions to North American Ethnology, Contributions to North American Ethnology, begun under the Powell Survey. begun under the Powell Survey.

17 There are 435 gla.s.s negatives of Hillers' Indian pictures preserved. See Steward, "Notes on Hillers' Photographs of Paiute and Ute Indians." There are 435 gla.s.s negatives of Hillers' Indian pictures preserved. See Steward, "Notes on Hillers' Photographs of Paiute and Ute Indians."

18 Matthew Stirling, the present head of the Bureau of American Ethnology, concurs in Holmes' eulogy of Powell's work in organizing ethnological research, but somewhat discounts his personal field work and his speculative contributions. Matthew Stirling, the present head of the Bureau of American Ethnology, concurs in Holmes' eulogy of Powell's work in organizing ethnological research, but somewhat discounts his personal field work and his speculative contributions.

3.

1 The Education of Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams, p. 309. p. 309.

2 Out of the report he prepared for the Bologna meeting, Wheeler published in 1885 his Out of the report he prepared for the Bologna meeting, Wheeler published in 1885 his Facts concerning the Origin, Organization, Administration, Functions, History, and Progress of the Princ.i.p.al Government Land and Marine Surveys of the World, Facts concerning the Origin, Organization, Administration, Functions, History, and Progress of the Princ.i.p.al Government Land and Marine Surveys of the World, a useful volume, though marred in its American sections by self-glorification and by jealousy of rivals, especially Powell. a useful volume, though marred in its American sections by self-glorification and by jealousy of rivals, especially Powell.

3 Later, WJ McGee read on the Major's behalf, before the Berlin meeting of the International Geological Congress, an amplification and justification of the Geological Survey's conventions. J. W. Powell, "Methods of Geological Cartography in Use by the United States Geological Survey," Congres Geologique Internationale, C. R. 3rd Sess. (Berlin, 1888), pp. 221-40. Later, WJ McGee read on the Major's behalf, before the Berlin meeting of the International Geological Congress, an amplification and justification of the Geological Survey's conventions. J. W. Powell, "Methods of Geological Cartography in Use by the United States Geological Survey," Congres Geologique Internationale, C. R. 3rd Sess. (Berlin, 1888), pp. 221-40.

4 As we shall see, this trick later caused him to undergo some intensive questioning by a Congressional investigating committee. Senate Miscellaneous Doc.u.ment No. 82, 49th Cong., 1st Sess. As we shall see, this trick later caused him to undergo some intensive questioning by a Congressional investigating committee. Senate Miscellaneous Doc.u.ment No. 82, 49th Cong., 1st Sess.

5 The history of the United States Geological Survey is told in Inst.i.tute for Government Research, Service Monographs of the United States Government, The history of the United States Geological Survey is told in Inst.i.tute for Government Research, Service Monographs of the United States Government, The Geological Survey The Geological Survey (New York, 1918). A fuller and more comprehensive history of the Survey is being prepared for the Geological Society of America by Professor Thomas Manning of Yale. (New York, 1918). A fuller and more comprehensive history of the Survey is being prepared for the Geological Society of America by Professor Thomas Manning of Yale.

4.

1 For this summary discussion of the colossal subject of the mapping of the continent I have drawn on Erwin Raisz, For this summary discussion of the colossal subject of the mapping of the continent I have drawn on Erwin Raisz, General Cartography, General Cartography, 2nd ed. (McGraw-Hill, 1948); Wheeler's 2nd ed. (McGraw-Hill, 1948); Wheeler's Facts concerning the Origin Facts concerning the Origin... of the Princ.i.p.al Government Land and Marine Surveys of the World; of the Princ.i.p.al Government Land and Marine Surveys of the World; Lieutenant Governeur Warren's able summary of American government explorations West of the Mississippi, in "Memoir to Accompany the Map of the Territory of the United States from the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean," Lieutenant Governeur Warren's able summary of American government explorations West of the Mississippi, in "Memoir to Accompany the Map of the Territory of the United States from the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean," Pacific Railroad Reports, Pacific Railroad Reports, XI (1859); Herbert E. Bolton, XI (1859); Herbert E. Bolton, Pageant in the Wilderness; Pageant in the Wilderness; Dale L. Morgan, The Dale L. Morgan, The Great Salt Lake Great Salt Lake (New York, 1947); Bernard DeVoto's three-part history of the early West, (New York, 1947); Bernard DeVoto's three-part history of the early West, The Course of Empire, Across the Wide Missouri, The Course of Empire, Across the Wide Missouri, and and The Year of Decision; The Year of Decision; J. 0. Kilmartin, "Federal Surveys and Maps," in The J. 0. Kilmartin, "Federal Surveys and Maps," in The American Year Book, American Year Book, 1950; and a large body of the literature of western exploration from Lewis and Clark onward. 1950; and a large body of the literature of western exploration from Lewis and Clark onward.

2 Miera's map was not published until 1950, in Herbert E. Bolton, Miera's map was not published until 1950, in Herbert E. Bolton, Pageant in the Wildemess, Pageant in the Wildemess, though it was used by cartographers from Humboldt on, and was enormously influential in establishing some of the facts - and fantasies - of the interior West. though it was used by cartographers from Humboldt on, and was enormously influential in establishing some of the facts - and fantasies - of the interior West.

3 Published by White, Gallagher, and White in New York, 1828. A copy is in the Huntington Library. The Humboldt map may be found in Alexander von Humboldt, Published by White, Gallagher, and White in New York, 1828. A copy is in the Huntington Library. The Humboldt map may be found in Alexander von Humboldt, A Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain, A Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain, translated from the original French by John Black (London, 1811). translated from the original French by John Black (London, 1811).

4 United States Geological Survey, United States Geological Survey, 4th Annual Report, 4th Annual Report, 1882-83. Since Powell made topography central in his bureau's activities, the report on mapping a.s.sumes great importance in the annual reports after 1882-83, though for the first two years of his administration the operations were largely clean-up of earlier work and preparation for the new comprehensive topographical survey. 1882-83. Since Powell made topography central in his bureau's activities, the report on mapping a.s.sumes great importance in the annual reports after 1882-83, though for the first two years of his administration the operations were largely clean-up of earlier work and preparation for the new comprehensive topographical survey.

5 Senate Miscellaneous Doc.u.ment No. 82, p. 689. Senate Miscellaneous Doc.u.ment No. 82, p. 689.

6 Letter, J. O. Kilmartin, Chief, United States Geological Survey Map Information Office, February 5, 1953. See also Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, "Status of Topographic Mapping," Map B, 2nd ed. (July, 1950). Letter, J. O. Kilmartin, Chief, United States Geological Survey Map Information Office, February 5, 1953. See also Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, "Status of Topographic Mapping," Map B, 2nd ed. (July, 1950).

7 Letter, J. O. Kilmartin, February 5, 1953. Letter, J. O. Kilmartin, February 5, 1953.

8 The The Geologic Atlas of the United States Geologic Atlas of the United States is of course in existence, but like the topographic maps, it is in a state of constant revision and perennially postponed completion. is of course in existence, but like the topographic maps, it is in a state of constant revision and perennially postponed completion.

5.

1 Paralysis agitans Paralysis agitans first crippled and then killed Hayden. He was on crutches for several years before his death. first crippled and then killed Hayden. He was on crutches for several years before his death.

2 For Cope's career, appraised by a close friend, see Henry Fairfield Osborn, For Cope's career, appraised by a close friend, see Henry Fairfield Osborn, Cope, Master Naturalist Cope, Master Naturalist (Princeton, 1931). (Princeton, 1931).

3 United States Geological Survey, Letters Sent, 1883, Nos. 84, 107, 124, 323, 455. Powell's letter to Cope dated May 31, 1883, is typical. United States Geological Survey, Letters Sent, 1883, Nos. 84, 107, 124, 323, 455. Powell's letter to Cope dated May 31, 1883, is typical.

Dear Professor:Your personal letter in relation to the progress of your work in the printer's hands, is just received.I think from its tone that you are in error in some of your surmises. It is my belief that no one but the Public Printer, the Foreman of Printings, yourself and myself, has had anything to do with the arrangement or presentation of your work, and no outside influence has been exerted.Again I can a.s.sure you that I only desire your work executed in the best manner, and in the shortest possible time.Your book has been in the hands of the printer for several years, and his accounts have been running all that time. The new administration of the office is much more prompt and efficient than the old, and Congress has given the Bureau large appropriations to clear off all old work. Almost all such work is now off their hands; and they are exceedingly anxious to finish all. I think I fully understand and appreciate his wishes in the matter, and believe his reasoning to be good.The Geological Survey is dependent upon the Public Printer for the prompt publication of its materials, and tries to co-operate with him in all his methods for speedy publication and for the rigid and economic expenditure of public funds.The many delays in your work, exhibited in the failure to furnish MS to the printer, and the many changes you asked, has caused the officers of the Printing Bureau to feel that they could not depend upon you for any regular prosecution of the work of publication; and it was only by argument and earnest solicitation by myself that they were induced to take it up before the entire ma.n.u.script and drawings or ill.u.s.trations were in their hands.This they did, in violation of the general rule of the office, making your case an exception. If you fail to push the work from week to week until it is completed, it places me in an embarra.s.sing position with them.I beg you to consider this, and urge you to forward the copy in the shortest time possible. If you drop it now, it is impossible for me to say when it can be taken up again. In the meantime your unfinished work remains in their hands, a constant source of irritation.In view of all this, I think it would be well if you would consider the volume at least as closed, and furnish a t.i.tle and index, and let it go forth to the world.I have just received a letter from Dr. Hayden suggesting this course (I enclose a copy for your information). His recommendations for the arrangement of your two volumes meet with my approval.Very respectfully, J. W. POWELL.

4 Undated letter, Cope to W. H. Holmes, reproduced in New York Undated letter, Cope to W. H. Holmes, reproduced in New York Herald, Herald, January 12, 1890. January 12, 1890.

5 The purposes of the investigation and the testimony which it elicited are detailed in Senate Miscellaneous Doc.u.ment No. 82, cited previously. This is probably the best single source of information on the scope of the government's scientific bureaus in the eighteen-eighties, and the clearest reflection of the sharp disagreement between advocates of government science and those who would leave scientific investigation entirely to private enterprise. The purposes of the investigation and the testimony which it elicited are detailed in Senate Miscellaneous Doc.u.ment No. 82, cited previously. This is probably the best single source of information on the scope of the government's scientific bureaus in the eighteen-eighties, and the clearest reflection of the sharp disagreement between advocates of government science and those who would leave scientific investigation entirely to private enterprise.

6 J. W. Powell, testimony before the Joint Committee of Congress, ibid., p. 179. J. W. Powell, testimony before the Joint Committee of Congress, ibid., p. 179.

7 Ibid., Ibid., p. 180. p. 180.

8 Reproduced in the New York Reproduced in the New York Herald, Herald, January 12, 1890. January 12, 1890.

9 Senate Miscellaneous Doc.u.ment No. 82, p. 689. Because of the necessity of cleaning up the jobs left over from the King administration, it was not until the season of 1884-85 that Powell's mapping on the appropriate scales for topographical purposes began in earnest. See United States Geological Survey, 6th Senate Miscellaneous Doc.u.ment No. 82, p. 689. Because of the necessity of cleaning up the jobs left over from the King administration, it was not until the season of 1884-85 that Powell's mapping on the appropriate scales for topographical purposes began in earnest. See United States Geological Survey, 6th Annual Report, 1884-85. Annual Report, 1884-85.

10 His letter was read into the record with other Herbert Aga.s.siz correspondence by Representative Herbert, Senate Miscellaneous Doc.u.ment No. 82, pp. 1014-15. His letter was read into the record with other Herbert Aga.s.siz correspondence by Representative Herbert, Senate Miscellaneous Doc.u.ment No. 82, pp. 1014-15.

11 After the partners in 1886 investigated King's conduct of the London office and found that he had neglected it shamefully, relied on a dishonest manager, failed to keep adequate records, mixed his personal and the corporate funds, and generally brought the company to the edge of ruin, there was a period when Aga.s.siz apparently contemplated bringing King to law as a criminal. But that investigation of King's affairs would not occur for another year, and there seem to have been no clear advance warnings to the partners of King's carelessness. Anger at King and all his works cannot therefore be adduced as a motive for Aga.s.siz's letter. Presumably, without recognizing or admitting that the Coast and Geodetic Survey whose works he praised was also government science, and without admitting his own indebtedness to its organization and facilities, he felt a const.i.tutional repugnance against the notion of science as a governmentally-sponsored matter. See Crosby, "So Deep a Trail." After the partners in 1886 investigated King's conduct of the London office and found that he had neglected it shamefully, relied on a dishonest manager, failed to keep adequate records, mixed his personal and the corporate funds, and generally brought the company to the edge of ruin, there was a period when Aga.s.siz apparently contemplated bringing King to law as a criminal. But that investigation of King's affairs would not occur for another year, and there seem to have been no clear advance warnings to the partners of King's carelessness. Anger at King and all his works cannot therefore be adduced as a motive for Aga.s.siz's letter. Presumably, without recognizing or admitting that the Coast and Geodetic Survey whose works he praised was also government science, and without admitting his own indebtedness to its organization and facilities, he felt a const.i.tutional repugnance against the notion of science as a governmentally-sponsored matter. See Crosby, "So Deep a Trail."

12 Senate Miscellaneous Doc.u.ment No. 82, pp. 1070-84. Senate Miscellaneous Doc.u.ment No. 82, pp. 1070-84.

V. THE OPPORTUNITY.

1.

1 See Herbert O. Brayer, "The Influence of British Capital on the Western Range-Cattle Industry," See Herbert O. Brayer, "The Influence of British Capital on the Western Range-Cattle Industry," The Journal of Economic History, The Journal of Economic History, Supplement IX (1949), 85-98. Supplement IX (1949), 85-98.