Beyond The Hundredth Meridian Part 13

4.

1 Darrah, Darrah, Powell of the Colorado, Powell of the Colorado, p. 152. p. 152.

2 From the beginning he expressed his confidence that the three could not have been guilty of the atrocity the story charged them with - a fact which in itself may be taken as evidence that his feelings towards the Howlands and Dunn were not vindictive. See Chicago From the beginning he expressed his confidence that the three could not have been guilty of the atrocity the story charged them with - a fact which in itself may be taken as evidence that his feelings towards the Howlands and Dunn were not vindictive. See Chicago Tribune, Tribune, September 28, 1869. September 28, 1869.

3 Jacob Hamblin's journal up to the year 1858 is in the Church Historian's Office, Salt Lake City. His reminiscences are incorporated in James A. Little, Jacob Hamblin's journal up to the year 1858 is in the Church Historian's Office, Salt Lake City. His reminiscences are incorporated in James A. Little, Jacob Hamblin, Jacob Hamblin, Faith Promoting Series (Salt Lake City, 1881). He has been the subject of two full-length biographies: Paul Bailey, Faith Promoting Series (Salt Lake City, 1881). He has been the subject of two full-length biographies: Paul Bailey, Jacob Hamblin, Buckskin Apostle Jacob Hamblin, Buckskin Apostle (Los Angeles, 1948), and Pearson Corbett, (Los Angeles, 1948), and Pearson Corbett, Jacob Hamblin, Jacob Hamblin, the Peace- the Peace-maker (Salt Lake City, 1952). (Salt Lake City, 1952).

4 The most objective account of the Mountain Meadows Ma.s.sacre, written from within the Church but free of all impulses to whitewashing, evasion, and scapegoating that earlier "official" accounts have had, and without the implacable anti-Mormonism of the Gentile accounts, is Juanita Brooks, The most objective account of the Mountain Meadows Ma.s.sacre, written from within the Church but free of all impulses to whitewashing, evasion, and scapegoating that earlier "official" accounts have had, and without the implacable anti-Mormonism of the Gentile accounts, is Juanita Brooks, The Mountain Meadows Ma.s.sacre The Mountain Meadows Ma.s.sacre (Palo Alto, Calif., 1950). (Palo Alto, Calif., 1950).

5 Otis Marston believes that they took him to the river somewhere near the mouth of Whitmore Wash, and points out that for some reason, either mistrust of Powell or fear that prospectors and others might learn of the route and use it, they carefully refrained from revealing to him the comparatively easy horse trail down the Parashont. (Letter of November 15, 1952.) Otis Marston believes that they took him to the river somewhere near the mouth of Whitmore Wash, and points out that for some reason, either mistrust of Powell or fear that prospectors and others might learn of the route and use it, they carefully refrained from revealing to him the comparatively easy horse trail down the Parashont. (Letter of November 15, 1952.) 6 Powell, Powell, Exploration, Exploration, p. 129. The pictures which Powell's photographers, especially Jack Hillers, took among these plateau bands in the next few years const.i.tute one of the more valuable parts of the Bureau of American Ethnology's collection of Indian pictures. They have been discussed by Julian Steward, "Notes on Hillers' Photographs of the Paiute and Ute Indians Taken on the Powell Expedition of 1873," p. 129. The pictures which Powell's photographers, especially Jack Hillers, took among these plateau bands in the next few years const.i.tute one of the more valuable parts of the Bureau of American Ethnology's collection of Indian pictures. They have been discussed by Julian Steward, "Notes on Hillers' Photographs of the Paiute and Ute Indians Taken on the Powell Expedition of 1873," Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, XCVIII, No. 18 (Washington, D.C., July 21, 1939).

7 It is instructive to compare Powell's approach with that suggested or advocated by more "orthodox" members of his generation. For example, the editor of the Topeka It is instructive to compare Powell's approach with that suggested or advocated by more "orthodox" members of his generation. For example, the editor of the Topeka Weekly Leader Weekly Leader remarked on June 27, 1867, his opinion of "Lo, his squaws and papooses, and his relatives and tribe, a set of miserable, dirty, lousy, blanketed, thieving, lying, sneaking, murdering, graceless, faithless, gut-eating skunks as the Lord ever permitted to infect the earth, and whose immediate and final extermination all men, except Indian agents and traders, should pray for." (Quoted by Robert Taft, remarked on June 27, 1867, his opinion of "Lo, his squaws and papooses, and his relatives and tribe, a set of miserable, dirty, lousy, blanketed, thieving, lying, sneaking, murdering, graceless, faithless, gut-eating skunks as the Lord ever permitted to infect the earth, and whose immediate and final extermination all men, except Indian agents and traders, should pray for." (Quoted by Robert Taft, Artists and Ill.u.s.trators of the Old Artists and Ill.u.s.trators of the Old West, p. 66.) Compare also Lieutenant George Wheeler, who lost three men from his 1871 expedition in the Wickenburg stage ma.s.sacre, and who wrote in his West, p. 66.) Compare also Lieutenant George Wheeler, who lost three men from his 1871 expedition in the Wickenburg stage ma.s.sacre, and who wrote in his Geographical Report, Geographical Report, not published until 1889: "One cannot approach the subject of the Indian without reverting to the Stage Ma.s.sacre near Wickenburg, Arizona (where three members of the expedition were murdered), long proven to have been committed by Indians professedly friendly, and being fed at the expense of the Government. Maimum, one of the Mohaves of the river trip, who had formed a great fondness for the ill-fated Loring, was largely instrumental in ferreting out these red-skinned a.s.sa.s.sins, and some of their number were finally found and punished by General Crook's first command of the Military Department of Arizona. This is one of the evidences of the mistaken zeal, of the then peace-at-any-cost policy, that for so long a time applied to settlement of the Indian problem. Unfortunately, the bones of murdered citizens cannot rise to cry out and attest the atrocious murders of the far-spreading and wide-extending border lands of the Great West, and while the fate of the Indian is sealed, the interval during which their extermination as a race is to be consummated will doubtless be marked in addition to Indian outbreaks, with still many more murderous ambuscades and ma.s.sacres." not published until 1889: "One cannot approach the subject of the Indian without reverting to the Stage Ma.s.sacre near Wickenburg, Arizona (where three members of the expedition were murdered), long proven to have been committed by Indians professedly friendly, and being fed at the expense of the Government. Maimum, one of the Mohaves of the river trip, who had formed a great fondness for the ill-fated Loring, was largely instrumental in ferreting out these red-skinned a.s.sa.s.sins, and some of their number were finally found and punished by General Crook's first command of the Military Department of Arizona. This is one of the evidences of the mistaken zeal, of the then peace-at-any-cost policy, that for so long a time applied to settlement of the Indian problem. Unfortunately, the bones of murdered citizens cannot rise to cry out and attest the atrocious murders of the far-spreading and wide-extending border lands of the Great West, and while the fate of the Indian is sealed, the interval during which their extermination as a race is to be consummated will doubtless be marked in addition to Indian outbreaks, with still many more murderous ambuscades and ma.s.sacres." Report upon the United States Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian, in charge of Capt. George M. Wheeler, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, Report upon the United States Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian, in charge of Capt. George M. Wheeler, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, Vol. 1, Vol. 1, Geographical Geographical Report (Washington, 1889), p. 35. Report (Washington, 1889), p. 35.

8 Powell, Powell, Exploration, Exploration, p. 129. p. 129.

9 Some of his experiences among the Hopi are told in "The Ancient Province of Tusayan," Some of his experiences among the Hopi are told in "The Ancient Province of Tusayan," Scribner's Monthly, Scribner's Monthly, XI (December, 1875), 193-213. XI (December, 1875), 193-213.

10 For the peace conference with the Navajo, see Paul Bailey, For the peace conference with the Navajo, see Paul Bailey, Jacob Hamblin, Buckskin Apostle, Jacob Hamblin, Buckskin Apostle, pp. 317-25. The sad tale of Tuleta is told in the journal of W. C. Powell, pp. 317-25. The sad tale of Tuleta is told in the journal of W. C. Powell, Utah Historical Quarterly, Utah Historical Quarterly, XVI-XVII, 481-82. Clem Powell was a little uneasy about meeting Tuleta in 1872 for fear he would have held a grudge against the Major. XVI-XVII, 481-82. Clem Powell was a little uneasy about meeting Tuleta in 1872 for fear he would have held a grudge against the Major.

5.

1 See discussion of Powell's juggling of facts in his report, in Part II, Chapter 6, See discussion of Powell's juggling of facts in his report, in Part II, Chapter 6, post. post.

2 Beaman's equipment on the second river trip was said to have weighed a ton. The lamentations of Clem Powell, who as photographer's a.s.sistant had the job of packing the portable dark room, fill his journal. It was to some extent the weight and clumsiness and difficulty of the wet-plate equipment which led to experimentation with dry-plate methods. William Bell, photographer with Wheeler's Survey in 1872, experimented with dry-plate negatives, though Powell's men, viewing his negatives when the parties met near Kanab, were not impressed by the results. James Fennemore, in 1935, told me that he had invented the dry-plate camera while with Powell on the Colorado in 1872. His claim is not quite accurate, as an examination of the histories of photography will show; it is evidence only of the eagerness that stronger and heartier men than Fennemore had to rid themselves of the incubus of wet-plate equipment in the field. So far as I know, the first dry-plate equipment used in the West was that taken by T. H. O'Sullivan on the King Survey in 1868. Beaman's equipment on the second river trip was said to have weighed a ton. The lamentations of Clem Powell, who as photographer's a.s.sistant had the job of packing the portable dark room, fill his journal. It was to some extent the weight and clumsiness and difficulty of the wet-plate equipment which led to experimentation with dry-plate methods. William Bell, photographer with Wheeler's Survey in 1872, experimented with dry-plate negatives, though Powell's men, viewing his negatives when the parties met near Kanab, were not impressed by the results. James Fennemore, in 1935, told me that he had invented the dry-plate camera while with Powell on the Colorado in 1872. His claim is not quite accurate, as an examination of the histories of photography will show; it is evidence only of the eagerness that stronger and heartier men than Fennemore had to rid themselves of the incubus of wet-plate equipment in the field. So far as I know, the first dry-plate equipment used in the West was that taken by T. H. O'Sullivan on the King Survey in 1868.

3 Dellenbaugh's book is lively and is based upon more than his own journal, but it is inaccurate in some details and suffers from a not unlaudable desire to protect Powell against the charges that had by that time been leveled against him. Since 1908 other diaries and other records have come to light, and we can doc.u.ment every day of the second voyage with considerable precision. The journal of Almon Thompson, edited by Herbert Gregory, was published by the Dellenbaugh's book is lively and is based upon more than his own journal, but it is inaccurate in some details and suffers from a not unlaudable desire to protect Powell against the charges that had by that time been leveled against him. Since 1908 other diaries and other records have come to light, and we can doc.u.ment every day of the second voyage with considerable precision. The journal of Almon Thompson, edited by Herbert Gregory, was published by the Utah Historical Quarterly, Utah Historical Quarterly, VII, Nos. 1, 2, and 3 (1939). It contains a number of unfortunate editorial errors of fact, but the text itself, since Thompson was for long periods in command of the expedition, is of first importance. The journal of F. M. Bishop, edited by Charles Kelly, appeared in the VII, Nos. 1, 2, and 3 (1939). It contains a number of unfortunate editorial errors of fact, but the text itself, since Thompson was for long periods in command of the expedition, is of first importance. The journal of F. M. Bishop, edited by Charles Kelly, appeared in the Utah Historical Quarterly, Utah Historical Quarterly, XV (1947), along with a collection of his letters. (Many of Bishop's papers, including the original journal, are now in the archives of the Utah State Historical Society.) Volumes XVI and XVII of the XV (1947), along with a collection of his letters. (Many of Bishop's papers, including the original journal, are now in the archives of the Utah State Historical Society.) Volumes XVI and XVII of the Quarterly Quarterly are devoted to the journals of Stephen V. Jones, John F. Steward, and W. C. Powell, with notes by Dale Morgan, Dr. Gregory, Charles Kelly, and William Culp Darrah. These three volumes of the are devoted to the journals of Stephen V. Jones, John F. Steward, and W. C. Powell, with notes by Dale Morgan, Dr. Gregory, Charles Kelly, and William Culp Darrah. These three volumes of the Quarterly, Quarterly, plus the earlier one containing Thompson's journal, brought together materials previously widely scattered and to some extent unknown. Since I have not seen fit to describe the second river trip in detail, I have rarely indicated specific sources. All the above journals, as well as Dellenbaugh's two books and his early account of the voyage published in eight installments in the Ellenville, New York plus the earlier one containing Thompson's journal, brought together materials previously widely scattered and to some extent unknown. Since I have not seen fit to describe the second river trip in detail, I have rarely indicated specific sources. All the above journals, as well as Dellenbaugh's two books and his early account of the voyage published in eight installments in the Ellenville, New York Journal Journal in 1886, plus Beaman's serialized story ent.i.tled "The Canon of the Colorado and the Moqui Pueblos," in 1886, plus Beaman's serialized story ent.i.tled "The Canon of the Colorado and the Moqui Pueblos," Appleton's Jouiol, Appleton's Jouiol, XI (April-May, 1874), have provided material for this chapter. XI (April-May, 1874), have provided material for this chapter.

4 Thompson's diary scolds him for this. Thompson's diary scolds him for this.

5 For C. R. Savage, a Mormon convert who became one of the West's great photographers, see Robert Taft, For C. R. Savage, a Mormon convert who became one of the West's great photographers, see Robert Taft, Photography and the American Scene Photography and the American Scene (New York, 1938), pp. 272-73, 491. (New York, 1938), pp. 272-73, 491.

6 Still known as Potato Valley. In it, now, is the little town of Escalante, on the spectacular road that links the Bryce Canyon country with the Capitol Reef National Monument by way of the Aquarius Plateau. Still known as Potato Valley. In it, now, is the little town of Escalante, on the spectacular road that links the Bryce Canyon country with the Capitol Reef National Monument by way of the Aquarius Plateau.

7 See C. E. Dutton, See C. E. Dutton, Geology of the High Plateau of Utah,. Geology of the High Plateau of Utah,. pp. 1-5. With regard to the historical extension of the name Wasatch, Dale L. Morgan writes me, "There is a curious paradoxical irony to this [Dutton's] determination of where the 'Wasatch proper' ends. For it was Fremont who first applied the name, on Joe Walker's authority, in 1844, and as originally bestowed, the name applied to the mountains lying south of the great bend of the Sevier. It was only in the fifties that the name migrated north. Now geographers deny the name entirely to its place of origin." (Letter of April 21, 1953.) In other words, the "Wasatch Mountains" were originally the chains of high plateaus; now they are the range which overlaps the plateaus at Mount Nebo, near Nephi, Utah. pp. 1-5. With regard to the historical extension of the name Wasatch, Dale L. Morgan writes me, "There is a curious paradoxical irony to this [Dutton's] determination of where the 'Wasatch proper' ends. For it was Fremont who first applied the name, on Joe Walker's authority, in 1844, and as originally bestowed, the name applied to the mountains lying south of the great bend of the Sevier. It was only in the fifties that the name migrated north. Now geographers deny the name entirely to its place of origin." (Letter of April 21, 1953.) In other words, the "Wasatch Mountains" were originally the chains of high plateaus; now they are the range which overlaps the plateaus at Mount Nebo, near Nephi, Utah.

8 Diary of Almon Harris Thompson, June 6, 1872. Diary of Almon Harris Thompson, June 6, 1872.

9 Powell and Thompson had distinguished precedent for missing the mouth of a tributary. Lewis and Clark overlooked the mouth of the Willamette, which they called the Multomah, both going and coming on the Columbia, and Clark had to go back down river a second time before he satisfied himself that there was really a river where the Indians said there was. I have not myself seen the mouth of the Escalante, and cannot comment on the reasons why it was twice overlooked. Dellenbaugh, pa.s.sing it in the Powell and Thompson had distinguished precedent for missing the mouth of a tributary. Lewis and Clark overlooked the mouth of the Willamette, which they called the Multomah, both going and coming on the Columbia, and Clark had to go back down river a second time before he satisfied himself that there was really a river where the Indians said there was. I have not myself seen the mouth of the Escalante, and cannot comment on the reasons why it was twice overlooked. Dellenbaugh, pa.s.sing it in the Canonita Canonita after Thompson's party finally reached the Colorado at the mouth of the Dirty Devil, said "it was narrow and shallow and would not be taken at its mouth for so important a tributary." after Thompson's party finally reached the Colorado at the mouth of the Dirty Devil, said "it was narrow and shallow and would not be taken at its mouth for so important a tributary." (A Canyon Voyage, (A Canyon Voyage, p. 210). p. 210).

10 Diary of Almon Harris Thompson, June 9 and June 10, 1872. Diary of Almon Harris Thompson, June 9 and June 10, 1872.

6.

1 Dutton testified that the exchange of ideas among the three of them had been so complex, and his debt to Gilbert and Powell so immense, "that if a full accounting were demanded it would bring me to bankruptcy." ("Mount Taylor and the Zuni Plateau," United States Geological Survey Dutton testified that the exchange of ideas among the three of them had been so complex, and his debt to Gilbert and Powell so immense, "that if a full accounting were demanded it would bring me to bankruptcy." ("Mount Taylor and the Zuni Plateau," United States Geological Survey Annual Report Annual Report VI, 1885.) VI, 1885.) 2 Julius Stone, in Julius Stone, in Canyon Country, Canyon Country, and Stanton and Chalfant, in and Stanton and Chalfant, in Colorado Colorado River River Controversies, Controversies, have attacked these discrepancies in detail, with the general aim of discrediting Powell. These attacks are intertwined with the Sumner-Hawkins attacks; the fact that the names of the Howlands and Dunn were left off the Powell Monument at Grand Canyon after Powell's death has been made, by some alchemy, Powell's fault, and added to the evidence of his failure to give credit to the men of the second expedition, until the whole body of charges begins to give a picture of Powell as a publicity-mad egoist willing to suppress either individuals or the truth to gain his ends. As this present chapter attempts to show, there is a legitimate criticism to be made of Powell's treatment of his report; it is not true that there was any such sinister conspiracy against his men as his critics maintain, or that he was so culpably careless with the truth. The one reference to the second expedition in the have attacked these discrepancies in detail, with the general aim of discrediting Powell. These attacks are intertwined with the Sumner-Hawkins attacks; the fact that the names of the Howlands and Dunn were left off the Powell Monument at Grand Canyon after Powell's death has been made, by some alchemy, Powell's fault, and added to the evidence of his failure to give credit to the men of the second expedition, until the whole body of charges begins to give a picture of Powell as a publicity-mad egoist willing to suppress either individuals or the truth to gain his ends. As this present chapter attempts to show, there is a legitimate criticism to be made of Powell's treatment of his report; it is not true that there was any such sinister conspiracy against his men as his critics maintain, or that he was so culpably careless with the truth. The one reference to the second expedition in the Exploration Exploration is a statement of intention: "We have determined to continue the exploration of the canons of the Colorado. Our last trip was so hurried, owing to the loss of rations, and the scientific instruments were so badly injured, that we are not satisfied with the results obtained, and so we shall once more attempt to pa.s.s through the canons in boats, devoting two or three years to the trip." is a statement of intention: "We have determined to continue the exploration of the canons of the Colorado. Our last trip was so hurried, owing to the loss of rations, and the scientific instruments were so badly injured, that we are not satisfied with the results obtained, and so we shall once more attempt to pa.s.s through the canons in boats, devoting two or three years to the trip."

3 "Report on the Survey of the Colorado River of the West, April 30, 1874." House Miscellaneous Doc.u.ment No. 265, 43rd Cong., 1st Sess. "Report on the Survey of the Colorado River of the West, April 30, 1874." House Miscellaneous Doc.u.ment No. 265, 43rd Cong., 1st Sess.

4 By 1873 Wheeler's parties had already run foul of Hayden's in Colorado, and had nudged into territory that Powell might well have considered his own by right of prior exploration. Wheeler took boats up the Colorado as far as the mouth of Diamond Creek in 1871, and announced in his report that "the exploration of the Colorado River may now be considered complete" - though Powell's boats had gone down that stretch two years earlier, and Ives had gone up it twelve years before Powell. Wheeler's field parties of 1872 were working in the Kanab area when Powell's were. And since, with the King Survey closing up its work, Wheeler had the full weight of the War Department behind him, Powell might, like Hayden, have been uneasy about the possibility of being shouldered out. The feud, in other words, began almost with the inauguration of the Powell and Wheeler Surveys; it erupted in a congressional investigation in 1874, and came to a head in the consolidation proposals of 1877 which two years later resulted in the formation of the United States Geological Survey. See Part III, Chapters 1-5, for discussion of this consolidation. By 1873 Wheeler's parties had already run foul of Hayden's in Colorado, and had nudged into territory that Powell might well have considered his own by right of prior exploration. Wheeler took boats up the Colorado as far as the mouth of Diamond Creek in 1871, and announced in his report that "the exploration of the Colorado River may now be considered complete" - though Powell's boats had gone down that stretch two years earlier, and Ives had gone up it twelve years before Powell. Wheeler's field parties of 1872 were working in the Kanab area when Powell's were. And since, with the King Survey closing up its work, Wheeler had the full weight of the War Department behind him, Powell might, like Hayden, have been uneasy about the possibility of being shouldered out. The feud, in other words, began almost with the inauguration of the Powell and Wheeler Surveys; it erupted in a congressional investigation in 1874, and came to a head in the consolidation proposals of 1877 which two years later resulted in the formation of the United States Geological Survey. See Part III, Chapters 1-5, for discussion of this consolidation.

5 An indication of popular interest in the canyons is the fact that John W. DeForest's novel An indication of popular interest in the canyons is the fact that John W. DeForest's novel Overland Overland contains an episode in which the protagonists, like James White, take to the river to escape Indians while on a westward journey from Santa Fe. The book was published in 1871, and presumably written the previous year. It could thus have been inspired either by newspaper accounts of White's tale, or similar accounts of Powell's exploration. Since Powell's first report, that in Bell's contains an episode in which the protagonists, like James White, take to the river to escape Indians while on a westward journey from Santa Fe. The book was published in 1871, and presumably written the previous year. It could thus have been inspired either by newspaper accounts of White's tale, or similar accounts of Powell's exploration. Since Powell's first report, that in Bell's New Tracks, New Tracks, did not appear until 1870, and then only in England, it does not seem that DeForest could have had any very detailed information on Powell's trip. Clem Powell in his journal, June 26, 1871, reports reading in the March did not appear until 1870, and then only in England, it does not seem that DeForest could have had any very detailed information on Powell's trip. Clem Powell in his journal, June 26, 1871, reports reading in the March Galaxy Galaxy "a story called 'Overland' taken from the Maj's lecture of his going down the Grand Canon." Whether this represents supposition or information it is hard to say. DeForest's reputation as a pioneer realist, gained from his "a story called 'Overland' taken from the Maj's lecture of his going down the Grand Canon." Whether this represents supposition or information it is hard to say. DeForest's reputation as a pioneer realist, gained from his Miss Ravenal's Conversion from Secession to Loyalty, Miss Ravenal's Conversion from Secession to Loyalty, could not have been increased by could not have been increased by Overland, Overland, which is a romantic and sensational yarn. which is a romantic and sensational yarn.

6 In 1895 it was reprinted (though only after a considerable period of shopping around by Powell) as In 1895 it was reprinted (though only after a considerable period of shopping around by Powell) as The Canyons of the Colorado The Canyons of the Colorado (Meadville, Pa.). In 1915 its first half was reprinted, with an introduction by Horace Kephart, in Nelson Doubleday's Outing Adventure Library. Besides the (Meadville, Pa.). In 1915 its first half was reprinted, with an introduction by Horace Kephart, in Nelson Doubleday's Outing Adventure Library. Besides the Scribner's Scribner's version, and the short account in Bell's version, and the short account in Bell's New Tracks, New Tracks, parts of what later became the second half of the official report were published as "The Physical Features of the Colorado Valley" in parts of what later became the second half of the official report were published as "The Physical Features of the Colorado Valley" in Popular Science Monthly, Popular Science Monthly, VIII (1875), 385-99, 531-42, and 670-80. VIII (1875), 385-99, 531-42, and 670-80.

7 On the success of this venture, which was purely personal and separate from the official duties of his Survey, see Darrah, On the success of this venture, which was purely personal and separate from the official duties of his Survey, see Darrah, Powell of the Colorado, Powell of the Colorado, p. 182. After Beaman's abrupt departure from the expedition, Powell bought up his rights to the views he had already taken; later he negotiated an agreement with Hillers similar to that which he had had with Beaman, which split the proceeds 40-30-30 among Powell, Thompson, and the photographer. p. 182. After Beaman's abrupt departure from the expedition, Powell bought up his rights to the views he had already taken; later he negotiated an agreement with Hillers similar to that which he had had with Beaman, which split the proceeds 40-30-30 among Powell, Thompson, and the photographer.

8 See Thompson's and W. C. Powell's journals, February 1 through 8, 1872. See Thompson's and W. C. Powell's journals, February 1 through 8, 1872.

9 Powell Survey, Letters Received, II, No. 36. Powell Survey, Letters Received, II, No. 36.

10 Ibid., Ibid., No. 60. No. 60.

11 Ibid., Ibid., No. 88. No. 88.

12 Ibid., Ibid., No. 89. Alden's reason was that there was not enough completed to make a book. No. 89. Alden's reason was that there was not enough completed to make a book.

13 Ibid., Ibid., Nos. 190-192. Nos. 190-192.

14 "Some Remarks on the Geological Structure of a District of Country Lying to the North of the Grand Canon of the Colorado," "Some Remarks on the Geological Structure of a District of Country Lying to the North of the Grand Canon of the Colorado," American Journal American Journal of of Science and the Arts, Science and the Arts, 3rd ser., V, 1873, 456-65. 3rd ser., V, 1873, 456-65.

15 "John Wesley Powell, Proceedings of a Meeting Commemorative of His Distinguished Services," February 16, 1903, "John Wesley Powell, Proceedings of a Meeting Commemorative of His Distinguished Services," February 16, 1903, Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences, V (1903), 99-187. V (1903), 99-187.

7.

1 See, for example, Holmes' comments in his report on the San Juan Division, See, for example, Holmes' comments in his report on the San Juan Division, 10th Annual Report of the Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, 10th Annual Report of the Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, 1876. Also G. P. Merrill, 1876. Also G. P. Merrill, The First One Hundred Years of American Geology The First One Hundred Years of American Geology (New Haven, 1924), p. 546. (New Haven, 1924), p. 546.

2 G. K. Gilbert, G. K. Gilbert, Lake Bonneville, Lake Bonneville, United States Geological Survey Monographs, I, Washington, 1890. United States Geological Survey Monographs, I, Washington, 1890.

3 Gilbert's career is most thoroughly treated in William M. Davis, Gilbert's career is most thoroughly treated in William M. Davis, Biographical Memoir of Grove Karl Gilbert, 1843-1918, Biographical Memoir of Grove Karl Gilbert, 1843-1918, Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, XXI (1927). Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, XXI (1927).

4 See Journal of W. C. Powell, November 20, 1872. See Journal of W. C. Powell, November 20, 1872.

5 Many of Powell's a.s.sociates testified to the extraordinary open-handedness with which he gave away his ideas. See Dutton, "The Geological History of the Colorado River and Plateaus," Many of Powell's a.s.sociates testified to the extraordinary open-handedness with which he gave away his ideas. See Dutton, "The Geological History of the Colorado River and Plateaus," Nature, Nature, XIX (1879), 247, 272; also G. K. Gilbert, "Powell," XIX (1879), 247, 272; also G. K. Gilbert, "Powell," Science, Science, October 10, 1902: "He was extremely fertile in ideas, so fertile that it was quite impossible that he should personally develop them all, and realizing this he gave freely to his collaborators. The work which he inspired and to which he contributed the most important creative elements, I believe to be at least as important as that for which his name now stands directly responsible... " October 10, 1902: "He was extremely fertile in ideas, so fertile that it was quite impossible that he should personally develop them all, and realizing this he gave freely to his collaborators. The work which he inspired and to which he contributed the most important creative elements, I believe to be at least as important as that for which his name now stands directly responsible... "

6 G. K. Gilbert, et al., G. K. Gilbert, et al., John Wesley Powell: A Memorial to an American Explorer and Scholar. John Wesley Powell: A Memorial to an American Explorer and Scholar. Reprinted, with slight changes, from The Open Court, Vols. XVI and XVII (Chicago, 1903). Reprinted, with slight changes, from The Open Court, Vols. XVI and XVII (Chicago, 1903).

8.

1 There is no biography of Dutton. A discussion of whatever literary interest he may possess is in Wallace Stegner, "Clarence Edward Dutton," unpublished University of Iowa thesis, 1935, and in Stegner, There is no biography of Dutton. A discussion of whatever literary interest he may possess is in Wallace Stegner, "Clarence Edward Dutton," unpublished University of Iowa thesis, 1935, and in Stegner, Clarence Edward Dutton, an Appraisal Clarence Edward Dutton, an Appraisal (Salt Lake City, 1936). See also Yale University, (Salt Lake City, 1936). See also Yale University, Biographical Record Biographical Record - - Cla.s.s of Sixty Cla.s.s of Sixty (Boston, 1908 ), pp. 95-100. (Boston, 1908 ), pp. 95-100.

2 Though Dutton worked with the Powell Survey, the Public Lands Commission, the United States Geological Survey, and the Irrigation Survey for more than fifteen years, he never relinquished his commission, having each year to be "loaned" by an elaborate routine of requests from Interior to War Department, special orders, and special acts of Congress. He returned to army duty in the autumn of 1890. Though Dutton worked with the Powell Survey, the Public Lands Commission, the United States Geological Survey, and the Irrigation Survey for more than fifteen years, he never relinquished his commission, having each year to be "loaned" by an elaborate routine of requests from Interior to War Department, special orders, and special acts of Congress. He returned to army duty in the autumn of 1890.

3 On April 17, 1906, he read before the National Academy of Sciences a paper ent.i.tled "Volcanoes and Radioactivity." It was published at Englewood, New Jersey, as a pamphlet, and appeared also in the On April 17, 1906, he read before the National Academy of Sciences a paper ent.i.tled "Volcanoes and Radioactivity." It was published at Englewood, New Jersey, as a pamphlet, and appeared also in the Journal of Geology, Journal of Geology, XIV, 259-68, and in XIV, 259-68, and in Popular Science Monthly, Popular Science Monthly, LXVIII, 543-50. LXVIII, 543-50.

4 Gunnison in 1853, and Fremont a few months later in the same year, and with many variations from Gunnison's route, made their way from Gunnison's Crossing up through Castle Valley and over the Wasatch Plateau into the valley of the Sevier, but they did so with great labor, and no highway engineers have yet seen fit to follow them, though it is possible to trace their route by back roads. Gunnison in 1853, and Fremont a few months later in the same year, and with many variations from Gunnison's route, made their way from Gunnison's Crossing up through Castle Valley and over the Wasatch Plateau into the valley of the Sevier, but they did so with great labor, and no highway engineers have yet seen fit to follow them, though it is possible to trace their route by back roads.

5 C. E. Dutton, C. E. Dutton, Report on the Geology of the High Plateaus of Utah, Report on the Geology of the High Plateaus of Utah, pp. 208-9. pp. 208-9.

6 C. E. Dutton, C. E. Dutton, The Tertiary History of the Grand Canyon District, The Tertiary History of the Grand Canyon District, United States Geological Survey Monographs, II (Washington, 1882), 26. United States Geological Survey Monographs, II (Washington, 1882), 26.

7 Ibid., Ibid., pp. 153-54. pp. 153-54.

8 Ibid. Ibid.

9 See Thomas Hornsby Ferril, "Rocky Mountain Metaphysics," See Thomas Hornsby Ferril, "Rocky Mountain Metaphysics," Folksay Folksay (Norman, Okla., 1930 ). (Norman, Okla., 1930 ).

10 Henry Van d.y.k.e, "Daybreak in the Grand Canyon of Arizona," Henry Van d.y.k.e, "Daybreak in the Grand Canyon of Arizona," Scribner's, Scribner's, LIV (September, 1913), 275-78. LIV (September, 1913), 275-78.

11 John Gould Fletcher, "The Grand Canyon of the Colorado," in John Gould Fletcher, "The Grand Canyon of the Colorado," in Breakers and Granite Breakers and Granite (New York, 1921), pp. 95-99. (New York, 1921), pp. 95-99.

12 Harriet Monroe, "The Grand Canon of the Colorado," Harriet Monroe, "The Grand Canon of the Colorado," Atlantic, Atlantic, Lx.x.xIV (December, 1899), 815. Lx.x.xIV (December, 1899), 815.

13 Joaquin Miller, "Grand Canyon of the Colorado," Joaquin Miller, "Grand Canyon of the Colorado," Overland, Overland, n.s., x.x.xVII (March, 1901) 786-90. n.s., x.x.xVII (March, 1901) 786-90.

14 The original letter, which is apparently not preserved, drew an amused reply in a letter from King to Dutton, October 12, 1880. In King Papers, Huntington Library, King MSS - Letter Book, 1879-82, pp. 154-56. The original letter, which is apparently not preserved, drew an amused reply in a letter from King to Dutton, October 12, 1880. In King Papers, Huntington Library, King MSS - Letter Book, 1879-82, pp. 154-56.

15 Dutton was not the only one. Indeed, I do not recall a single report of western exploration, from Lewis and Clark to Powell and Dutton, which does not fall back upon architectural terminology the moment it encounters horizontal strata and bare rock. Dutton was not the only one. Indeed, I do not recall a single report of western exploration, from Lewis and Clark to Powell and Dutton, which does not fall back upon architectural terminology the moment it encounters horizontal strata and bare rock.

16 Now called the Navajo Sandstone. Now called the Navajo Sandstone.

17 The term is still in use, though it is more precisely applied. The term is still in use, though it is more precisely applied.

18 Dutton, Dutton, Tertiary History, Tertiary History, pp. 58-59. pp. 58-59.

19 Ibid., Ibid., pp.'141-42. pp.'141-42.

20 Thomas Moran and William Henry Holmes, discussed in Part VI, Chapter 9. Thomas Moran and William Henry Holmes, discussed in Part VI, Chapter 9.

9.

1 The problem is discussed, with relation to both the land and the types of Western hero and heroine, in Smith, The problem is discussed, with relation to both the land and the types of Western hero and heroine, in Smith, Virgin Land, Virgin Land, pp. 81-120. pp. 81-120.

2 The words are those of Moran's friend W. H. Jackson, in "With Moran in the Yellowstone," The words are those of Moran's friend W. H. Jackson, in "With Moran in the Yellowstone," Appalachia, XXI Appalachia, XXI (December, 1936), 149. (December, 1936), 149.

3 The best accounts of this summer are those of William Henry Jackson, in The best accounts of this summer are those of William Henry Jackson, in Time Exposure Time Exposure (New York, 1940), and in the article "With Moran in the Yellowstone," cited above. (New York, 1940), and in the article "With Moran in the Yellowstone," cited above.

4 Letter from Hayden to Moran in the possession of Miss Ruth Moran; quoted by Fritiof Fryxell, "Thomas Moran's Journey to the Tetons in 1879," Letter from Hayden to Moran in the possession of Miss Ruth Moran; quoted by Fritiof Fryxell, "Thomas Moran's Journey to the Tetons in 1879," Augustana Historical Society Publications, Augustana Historical Society Publications, No. 2, 1932. No. 2, 1932.

5 The originator of the project seems to have been Harry Fenn, a well-known ill.u.s.trator who himself made the drawings for a number of chapters. The book is a valuable pictorial and textual record of what America knew and thought about itself in the seventies. It represents part of that same centennial curiosity that resulted in books like L. P. Brockett's The originator of the project seems to have been Harry Fenn, a well-known ill.u.s.trator who himself made the drawings for a number of chapters. The book is a valuable pictorial and textual record of what America knew and thought about itself in the seventies. It represents part of that same centennial curiosity that resulted in books like L. P. Brockett's Our Western Empire: or The New West beyond the Mississippi Our Western Empire: or The New West beyond the Mississippi (Philadelphia and Columbus, 1882). The widespread interest in the Philadelphia Exposition of 1876, when the nation got another sort of graphic look at itself, is a further indication of public curiosity about the state and nature of the United States during this decade. (Philadelphia and Columbus, 1882). The widespread interest in the Philadelphia Exposition of 1876, when the nation got another sort of graphic look at itself, is a further indication of public curiosity about the state and nature of the United States during this decade.

6 This mountain, and the first pictures of it - the painting by Moran and the photographs by W. H. Jackson - excited a peculiar and almost superst.i.tious wonder. Like the wonders of the Yellowstone, it existed for years in a state of fable and rumor before it was actually pictured. This mountain, and the first pictures of it - the painting by Moran and the photographs by W. H. Jackson - excited a peculiar and almost superst.i.tious wonder. Like the wonders of the Yellowstone, it existed for years in a state of fable and rumor before it was actually pictured.

7 For the work of these and other artists in the West following the Civil War see Robert Taft, For the work of these and other artists in the West following the Civil War see Robert Taft, Artists and Ill.u.s.trators of the Old West. Artists and Ill.u.s.trators of the Old West.

8 Diary of Almon Harris Thompson, July 4, 1873. Diary of Almon Harris Thompson, July 4, 1873.

9 The National Cyclopedia of American Biography The National Cyclopedia of American Biography (1932 ed.), XXII, 24-25. (1932 ed.), XXII, 24-25.

10 In G. W. Sheldon, In G. W. Sheldon, American Painters American Painters (New York, 1879), p. 125. Quoted in Taft, (New York, 1879), p. 125. Quoted in Taft, Artists and Ill.u.s.trators of the Old West, Artists and Ill.u.s.trators of the Old West, p. 250. p. 250.

11 Stone, Stone, Canyon Country, Canyon Country, especially pp. 55, 82. especially pp. 55, 82.

12 Thomas Moran, Thomas Moran, The Yellowstone National Park, and the Mountain Regions of Idaho, Nevada, Colorado, and Utah. The Yellowstone National Park, and the Mountain Regions of Idaho, Nevada, Colorado, and Utah. Described by Professor F. V. Hayden of the U.S. Exploring Expeditions to the Yellowstone. There are 15 chromolithographic reproductions of water-color sketches by Thomas Moran, artist to the expedition of 1871 (Boston, 1876). The last quotation I have seen of this in a bookseller's catalogue lists it at $275. Described by Professor F. V. Hayden of the U.S. Exploring Expeditions to the Yellowstone. There are 15 chromolithographic reproductions of water-color sketches by Thomas Moran, artist to the expedition of 1871 (Boston, 1876). The last quotation I have seen of this in a bookseller's catalogue lists it at $275.

13 Henry Adams, Henry Adams, Democracy, an American Novel, Democracy, an American Novel, pp. 113-14. pp. 113-14.

14 "William Henry Holmes, 1846-1933," "William Henry Holmes, 1846-1933," Cosmos Club Bulletin, Cosmos Club Bulletin, V, No. 5 (March, 1952). V, No. 5 (March, 1952).

15 Many of these are bound together in Vol. XI, Many of these are bound together in Vol. XI, Pacific Railroad Reports. Pacific Railroad Reports.

16 Some but not all of the ill.u.s.trations for Some but not all of the ill.u.s.trations for Bulletin Bulletin articles were reproduced in the articles were reproduced in the Annual Reports. Annual Reports.

17 9th Annual Report of the Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, 9th Annual Report of the Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, 1875, p. 22. 1875, p. 22.