Artistic Anatomy of Animals Part 32

_The thickness of the body_ from the middle of the belly to the middle of the back.

_The width_ from one side to the other.

4. =A head measured from the top of the forelock to the commissure of the lips= (C). This measurement slightly curtailed, unless the mouth is very deeply cleft, equals:

_The length of the crupper_, taken from the superior point of the anterior angle of the ilium to the tuberosity of the ischium, forming the point of the b.u.t.tock.

_The width of the crupper or of the haunches_, taken from the inferior points of the angles of the ilia.

_The height of the crupper_, viewed laterally, taken from the summit of the posterior angles of the ilia to the point of the patella, the leg being in a state of rest.

_The lateral measure of the posterior limb_, from the point of the patella, to the lateral and salient part of the ham, to the right of the articulation of the tibia with the trochlea.

_The perpendicular height of the articulation above named_ above the ground.

_The distance from the point of the arm_ to the angle formed by the junction of the head and neck.

_The distance from the summit of the withers_ to the junction of the neck with the thorax.

5. =Twice this last measure= (C)[43] gives almost:

[43] The proportions given in the two paragraphs 6 and 7 are, under another form, the same as those pointed out in paragraph 2, with this difference, that in this latter they are more clearly expressed.

_The distance of the summit of the withers_ to the tip of the patella.

_The distance of the point of the elbow_ to the summit of the crupper or the posterior angles of the ilia.

6. =Three times this measure, plus a half-width of the pastern, the equivalent of two heads and a half=, will give:

_The height of the body_, taken from the top of the withers to the ground.

_Its length_, taken from the point of the arm to the point of the b.u.t.tock inclusive.

7. =This same measure, plus the entire width of the pastern=, gives:

_The total length of the body_, taken accurately.

8. =Two-thirds the length of the head= (D) will equal:

_The width of the chest_, from the tip of one arm to that of the other, from outside to outside.

_The horizontal measurement of the crupper_ taken between two verticals, of which one forms a tangent to the b.u.t.tock, and the other pa.s.ses through the summit of the crupper and touches the tip of the patella.

_The third of the length of the hind-quarter and of the body_ taken together, as far as the vertical from the withers, touching the elbow.

_The anterior length of the hind-limb_, taken from the tuberosity of the tibia to the fold of the ham.

9. =One-half of the length of the head= (E) is the same as:

_The horizontal distance from the tip of the arm_ to the vertical line from the summit of the withers and touching the elbow.

_The width of the neck_, viewed laterally, taken from its insertion in the trough of the jaw to the roots of the first hairs of the mane, on a line which forms with the superior contour two equal angles.

10. =One-third of the entire length of the head= (F) gives:

_The height of its superior part_ from the summit of the forelock to a line which pa.s.ses through the most salient points of the orbits.

_The width of the head_ below the lower eyelids.

_The lateral width of the forearm_, taken from its anterior origin to the point of the elbow.

11. =Two-thirds of this length=[44] (G) gives:

[44] That is to say, two-ninths of the whole length of the head.

_The distance of the point of the elbow_ above the plane of the lower surface of the sternum.

_The depression of the back_ in relation to the summit of the withers.

_The lateral width of the posterior limbs near the hams._

_The s.p.a.ce or distance of the forearms from one ars_[45] to the opposite.

[45] We call the region where the superior and internal part of the forearm is joined to the trunk the 'ars.' The s.p.a.ce between the ars of one side and the ars of the opposite side is called the 'inter-ars.'

12. =One-half of the third of the entire length of the head=[46] (H) equals:

[46] That is to say, one-sixth of the total length of the head.

_The thickness of the forearm_, viewed from the front, and taken horizontally from the ars to its external surface.

_The width of the crown of the fore-feet_ whether from one side to the other, or from before backwards.

_The width of the crown of the hind-feet_, from one side to the other only.

_The width of the posterior fetlocks_, taken from the front to the origin of the spur.

_The width of the knee_ seen from the front. Note: this measure is a little too large.

_The thickness of the ham._ Note: this measure is a little under the mark.

13. =One-fourth of the third of the length of the head=[47] (I) gives:

[47] That is, one-twelfth of the length of the head.

_The thickness of the canon of the fore-limb_: that of the hind-quarter is a little thicker.

14. =One-third of this same measure=[48] (K) equals: