Aristotle and Ancient Educational Ideals Part 14

FOOTNOTES:

[1] It is worth while to note that it was a pa.s.sage from Philolaus that suggested to Copernicus the revolution of the earth round a centre.

[2] This is represented in the charming Apoxyomenos of the Vatican.

[3] So says Aristotle, who tells us further that in his time on this occasion they were presented with spear and shield _by the people_ (see p. 97).

[4] I am here using the terms "objective" and "subjective" in their modern acceptation, which almost exactly inverts the ancient usage. See Martineau, _Study of Religion_, vol. i, p. 385, n. 2.

[5] Like "Peter Piper," etc., and the German "Messwechsel Wachsmaske."

[6] It must be borne in mind that the Greek t????, art, corresponds almost exactly to what we mean by "science." It is defined by Aristotle, _Metaph._, A. 1; 981 a 5 sqq. Schwegler, in his translation of the _Metaphysics_, renders it by _Wissenschaft_. ?p?st?? is our "philosophy."

[7] See Jebb, _Homer_, pp. 110 sqq.

[8] It is a pity that we cannot fix the date of the so-called _Picture_ of Cebes (???t?? ???a?). In this we find enumerated the votaries of False Learning, (1) Poets, (2) Rhetoricians, (3) Dialecticians, (4) Musicians, (5) Arithmeticians, (6) Geometricians, (7) Astrologers (if we count Poets = Grammarians, we have exactly the Seven Liberal Arts), (8) Hedonists, (9) Peripatetics, (10) Critics, "and such others as are like to these." The "Hedonists" (?d??????) are the Cyrenaics; the "Critics"

(???t????) can hardly be the grammarians, though that is usually the meaning of the term in later times. Should we not read ????????

[9] "Liberal" means fit, "illiberal" unfit, for freemen. The sum of the liberal arts was called ????????pa?de?a, which we have corrupted into _Encyclopaedia_.

[10] Bonn, 1845.

[11] See Boissier, _etude sur la Vie et les Ouvrages de M.T. Varron_, pp. 332, sqq.

[12] See Bekker's _Anecdota Graeca_, ii., 655.

[13] I am indebted for a number of these facts to an article by Professor A.F. West, in the _Princeton College Bulletin_, November, 1890.

[14] These terms, which we still find in Isidore and Hraba.n.u.s Maurus, are afterwards, in the thirteenth century, replaced by their Latin equivalents: Natural, Rational, and Moral. In the case of the second, this caused considerable confusion, inasmuch as when it ceased to be used as "rational," it took the place of "dialectic."

[15] In the XXVIIIth Canto of the Paradise, these angelic powers are arranged somewhat differently, in deference to Dionysius Areopagita and St. Bernard.