A Manual of Ancient History Part 3

I.--ASIATIC NATIONS.

_General Preliminary Remarks on the Geography of Asia._

See the Introduction to Heeren's Researches into the Politics and Commerce of the Nations of Antiquity, prefixed to vol. 1 of the African Nations. Oxford, 1831.

1. Asia is the largest and the most favourably situated of the great divisions of the globe. Its superficial contents are 11,200,000 square geogr. miles; while those of Africa do not exceed 4,780,000; and those of Europe are not more than 2,560,000. As to situation, it comprises the greatest portion of the northern temperate zone.

Compare it, in this point of view, with the other quarters of the globe, especially Africa.--Advantages over the latter, in consequence of the convenience of its indented sh.o.r.es--of its surrounding fruitful islands--of its deep gulfs and large streams--the few sandy deserts in its interior.

2. Natural features, and consequent division of the land, according to the course of the larger mountain chains and of the princ.i.p.al rivers.

Two great mountain chains run from west to east; in the north, the Altai, (nameless in antiquity): in the south, Taurus.--Branches of both: the Caucasus, between the Black and Caspian seas: Imaus extending along the golden desert (desert of Cobi): the Paropamisus, on the north of India: the Ural (nameless in antiquity).--Of the rivers remarkable in ancient history, there are four flowing from north to south, namely, the Euphrates and Tigris, which fall into the Persian gulf; the Indus and Ganges, which fall into the Indian sea: two which run from east to west, and discharged their waters into the Caspian sea, (but now into the sea of Aral,) namely, the Oxus (or Jihon) and the Jaxartes (or Sirr).

3. This quarter of the globe is accordingly divided into Northern Asia, comprising the regions north of Altai; Central Asia, or the countries between the Altai and Taurus; and Southern Asia, or the lands south of Taurus.

4. Northern Asia, between the 76th and 50th parallels of north lat.i.tude, (Asiatic Russia and Siberia,) was almost, though not entirely, unknown in antiquity.--Some obscure hints, though partly true, respecting it, are found in Herodotus, the father of history.

5. Central Asia, the regions extending between the 50th and 40th degrees of north lat.i.tude, Scythia and Sarmatia Asiatica, (Great Tartary and Mongol;) for the most part a boundless, barren table land, devoid of arable fields or forests; and consequently a mere country of pasture.--The inhabitants pastors, (nomads,) without cities or fixed abodes; recognizing no other political a.s.sociation than patriarchal government.

Peculiar mode of life and character of nomad nations; powerful influence which they have exercised, as conquerors, on political history.--Whether we have a right to expect that the civilization of the human race will for ever continue to advance, when we consider that perhaps one half of it has from time immemorial remained, and from its physical situation must for ever remain, in a nomad state.

6. Southern Asia, or the regions from the 40th degree of N. lat. to about the equator.--Its natural features altogether different from those of central Asia. The great advantages of these regions compared with all other parts of the earth, in possessing a soil and climate highly favourable for agriculture; and an abundance of various costly productions. To these circ.u.mstances may be attributed, 1st. The adoption of fixed habitations and political a.s.sociations in these countries, from the earliest times. 2ndly. Their becoming the princ.i.p.al seat of trade, from the infancy of civilization to the discovery of America.

Reflections upon the rise of political a.s.sociations.--Whether, according to the general opinion, they were produced solely by agriculture and the possession of land; or, whether religion, by which I mean the common worship of one divinity as the national G.o.d, (communia sacra,) was not the main bond which united the earliest states of antiquity?--How shall we account for the very remarkable fact, that in the earliest civil societies in the world, the priesthood is generally found to be a ruling caste.--Reflections on early trade, particularly that of the east, before it was changed, by the discovery of America and the new pa.s.sage to India, from a land trade to a sea trade.--Observations upon ancient commercial routes across Asia.--The banks of the large rivers destined by nature to become the seats of commerce for the interior; on the Oxus, Bactra and Maracanda, (Samarcand;) on the Euphrates and Tigris, Babylon.--The sea sh.o.r.es on the western coast of Asia Minor and Phoenicia, pointed out also by nature as places of commerce;--line of Grecian and Phoenician factories.

7. Division of southern Asia. 1st. South-western Asia, from the Mediterranean to the Indus; 2nd. South-eastern Asia, from the Indus to the eastern ocean.

A. South-western Asia is again subdivided into the countries--1st. on this side the Euphrates--2ndly. between the Euphrates and Tigris--3rdly.

between the Tigris and the Indus.

1. _Countries on this side the Euphrates._

(_a_) The peninsula of Asia Minor (Natolia). Princ.i.p.al rivers: the Halys and Sangarius. Countries: three towards the west, Mysia, Lydia, Caria.

Along the sh.o.r.e, the Greek seaports of Phocaea, Ephesus, Miletus, Smyrna, Halicarna.s.sus, etc. Inland, the cities of Sardes in Lydia, of Pergamus in Mysia.

Three towards the south, Lycia, Pamphylia, and Cilicia, with its capital Tarsus.

Three towards the north, Bithynia, Paphlagonia, Pontus; with the Greek ports of Heraclea, Amisus, and Sinope. Two inland, Phrygia, together with Galatia and the capital cities of Gordium and Celaenae; Cappadocia, with the city of Mazaca.

(_b_) Islands along the coast of Asia Minor: Lesbos, with the city of Mitylene; Chios, Samos, Cos, Rhodes, with cities of the same name.

(_c_) Syria, together with Phoenicia and Palestine. 1st. Syria, properly so called. Cities: Damascus, Emessa, Heliopolis, (Baalbec). In the desert, Palmyra. 2nd. Phoenicia, a mountainous tract, extending along the sh.o.r.e. Mountains: Liba.n.u.s and Antiliba.n.u.s. Cities: Tyre, on an island opposite the ancient Tyre, which was situate upon the mainland; Sidon, Byblus, Berytus, Tripolis, Aradus. 3rd. Palestine. Mountains: Carmel, Tabor. River: Jordan, which discharges its waters into the Dead sea. Division of Palestine; first, according to the twelve tribes; afterwards into the provinces, of Judaea, capital Jerusalem: of Samaria; cities, Samaria, Sichem: and of Galilee.

(_d_) Peninsula of Arabia, abounding in vast sandy deserts, and almost entirely occupied by nomad tribes. Its southern and eastern coasts render it, nevertheless, a most important seat of trade. In the north, Arabia Petraea, so called from the town of Petra. Inland, Arabia Deserta.

In the south, Arabia Felix; rich, both in natural productions, being the native land of almost every kind of perfume, particularly frankincense; and also as being the ancient staple for the merchandise of India.

Cities: Mariaba, Aden, etc. In the east, the trading town of Gerra, and the islands near the sh.o.r.e, Tylos and Aradus, (Bahrein,) both likewise marts for Arabian and Indian wares, particularly cinnamon from Taprobane (Ceylon).

2. _Countries between the Euphrates and Tigris._

(_a_) Mesopotamia; in the interior a sterile table land, entirely occupied by nomad hordes. Cities on the Euphrates: Thapsacus, Circesium, Cunaxa; in the north, Zoba or Nisibis.

(_b_) Armenia, north of the foregoing. Very mountainous; for a long time without cities, but at last it had Tigranocerta. Rivers: the Cyrus and Araxes, falling into the Caspian; and the Phasis, falling into the Black sea.

(_c_) Babylonia, the southern part of Mesopotamia, from which it was separated by the Median wall. A level plain, remarkable for the richness of its soil; formerly, by its high cultivation, its ca.n.a.ls and lakes, and the erection of dams, the most fruitful, and, from its situation, the most opulent staple of inner Asia. Cities: Babylon on the Euphrates, Borsippa.

Whether the account given by Herodotus, as an eyewitness, of the size and splendour of Babylon is not exaggerated?--Manner in which the great Asiatic cities arose out of the royal encampments of the nomad conquerors.

3. _Countries between the Tigris and the Indus._

(_a_) a.s.syria, or the province of Adiabene; a table land. Cities: Nineveh, (Ninus,) Arbela.

The name of a.s.syria is also frequently taken by the Greeks in a wider acceptation, as comprising both Mesopotamia and Babylonia; it is sometimes even confounded with Syria.

(_b_) Susiana, a fruitful district, with the city Susa on the river Choaspes, or Eulaeus (Ulai), one of the residences of the Persian monarchs.

(_c_) Persis, rugged and mountainous towards the north; level and fruitful in the centre; sandy towards the south. Rivers: the Cyrus and Araxes. Cities: Persepolis or Pasargada, the national palace and cemetery of the kings of Persia.

The name of Persis was, in ancient as well as in modern geography, taken in a more extensive sense, as comprising all the countries between the Tigris and Indus, with the exception of a.s.syria.

In this sense, it contains three countries towards the south--Persis, properly so called; Carmania, Gedrosia: three central countries--Media, Aria, Arachosia: and three countries towards the north--Parthia and Hyrcania, Bactria, Sogdiana.

(_d_) Carmania, an extensive country, for the most part desert, ranging along the Persian gulf and Indian sea. Cities: Carmana, Harmozia.

(_e_) Gedrosia, tract of land running along the coast between Carmania and India, and washed by the Indian sea. A mere sandy desert; towards the north, mountainous. Town, Pura.

(_f_) Media, above Persis; an extensive and very fruitful country; mountainous towards the north. Rivers: Araxes, Cyrus, and Mardus.

Cities: Ecbatana, Rages. The northern district was likewise known by the name of Atropatene (Azerbeijan), or Lesser Media.

(_g_) Aria, a smooth table land, with a lake and river, Arius: and one city, Aria or Artacoana.

(_h_) Arachosia; a rich and fertile country on the frontiers of India; bounded towards the north by the Paropamisus chain. Cities: Arachotus and Prophthasia. The neighbouring highlands, occupied by a numerous population, (now Cabul and Kandahar,) are often regarded, in consequence of their being subject to the Persian dominion, as forming part of Persia. They are known by the name of Paropamisus.

(_i_) Parthia and Hyrcania, rugged mountainous districts to the north of Media; but abounding in magnificent and fertile vales. Before and during the predominance of Persia, but little known and little valued; and without cities. It was at a considerably later period that the inhabitants of Parthia became a dominant nation.

(_k_) Bactria, the country on the south bank of the Oxus; rich in natural productions, and one of the most ancient marts of Asia. River: Oxus. Cities: Bactra and Zariaspa.

Bactria lies on the frontier of India, Little Thibet, Bukharia, (the north India of Herodotus and Ctesias,) and the desert of Cobi, (Herodotus's golden desert): the road to China runs through this country. Nature, by the geographical situation in which she has placed Bactria, seems to have destined it to be the great emporium for the wares of south-eastern Asia; and in proportion as we penetrate into early history, we become convinced that Bactria, like Babylon, must have been one of the earliest seats of international commerce, and consequently, if not the birthplace, one of the cradles of infant civilization.

(_l_) Sogdiana, the territory between the upper Oxus and upper Jaxartes, the latter dividing it from central Asia. (A part of Great Bukharia.) Its peculiarities and advantages similar to those of the neighbouring Bactria. Capital: Maracanda (Samarcand).

B. South-eastern Asia, or Asia beyond the Indus, offers nothing remarkable for history till a later period. See Book v, Period iv.