A History of The Inquisition of The Middle Ages Volume III Part 50

[487] Johann. Saresberiens. Polycrat. c. xiv.-xvii.--Th. Aquin. Summ. Sec. Sec. xcv. 6.--Tertull. Apol. 23.

[488] Concil. Toletan. XVII. ann. 694, c. v.--Amador de los Rios (Revista de Espana, T. XVIII. p. 19).--Wright, Proceedings against Dame Alice Kyteler, pp. x.x.xii.-x.x.xiii.--D'Argentre, I. II. 344-5.

[489] MSS. Bib. Nat., fonds latin, No. 14930 fol. 229-30.--Doat, x.x.xVII. 258.--Vaissette, III. Pr. 374.--Bern. Guidon. Pract. P. v.

Molinier (Etudes sur quelques MSS. des Bibliotheques d'Italie, Paris, 1887, pp. 35, 45) mentions the occurrence of similar formulas in the other manuals of the period.

[490] Bern. Guidon. Pract. P. III. 42, 43; P. v. vii. 12.--Doat, XXVII. 150.

[491] Zanchini Tract. de Haeret c. xxii.--Statuta Criminalia Mediolani e tenebris in lucem edita c. 63 (Bergami, 1594).

[492] Differend de Boniface VIII. et de Ph. le Bel, Preuves, 103.--Rymer, Foed. II. 931-4.--Joann. S. Victor. Vit. Clement. V. (Muratori S. R. I. III. II. 457).--Grandes Chroniques V. 217-20, 291.--Guill. Nangiac. Contin. ann. 1315, 1325.--MSS. Bib. Nat., fonds latin, No. 4270 fol. 37-8, 144-5.

Enguerrand de Marigny had been all-powerful under Philippe le Bel, controlling the papal as well as the royal court, and his marvellous rise from obscurity led to the popular impression that he must be a skilful necromancer-- "Ce fu cil qui fist cardonnaux, Et si le pape tint en ses las, Qui de pet.i.ts clers fist prelats-- Si orent mainte gent creance Que ce par art de nigromance Fait, qu'en ce monde faisoit."-- G.o.defroi de Paris, v. 6620-9.

[493] Raynald. ann. 1317, No. 52-4; ann. 1318, No. 57; ann. 1320, No. 51; ann. 1327, No. 45.--Mag. Bull. Roman. I. 205.--Ripoll II. 192.--Arch. des Freres Precheurs de Toulouse (Doat, x.x.xIV. 181).--Arch. de l'Inq. de Carc. (Doat, x.x.xV. 89).--Vaissette, IV. Pr. 23.--Raynald. ann. 1374, No. 13.

[494] Molinier, Etudes de quelques MSS. des Bibliotheques d'Italie, Paris, 1887, pp. 102-3.--Doat, XXVII. 7 sqq., 140, 156, 177, 192; XXVIII. 161.

[495] Guill. Nangiac. Contin. ann. 1323.--Grandes Chroniques V. 269-73.--Statut Ord. Cisterc. ann. 1290 c. 2 (Martene Thesaur. IV. 1485).

[496] Archives de l'Inq. de Carca.s.sonne (Doat, XXVII. 150).

[497] Matt. Neoburg. (Alb. Argentorat.) ann. 1323 (Urstisii II. 123).--Chronik des Jacob v. Konigshofen (Chroniken der deutschen Stadte, VII. 467).

[498] Wright's Contemporary Narrative of the Proceedings against Dame Alice Kyteler, Camden Soc., 1843.

[499] Wright, op. cit. pp. xxiii.-xxix.--Vaissette, IV. Pr. 173.--Raynald. ann. 1337, No. 30.

[500] Lilienthal, Die Hexenprocesse der beiden Stadte Braunsberg, p. 113.--Concil. Carnotens. ann. 1366 c. 11 (Martene Ampl. Coll. VII. 1368).--Florez, Espana Sagrada, XLIX. 188.--Acquoy. Gerardi Magni Epistt. pp. 107-11.--Concil. Pragens. ann. 1355 c. 61 (Hartzheim, IV. 400).--Statuta brevia Arnesti ann. 1353 (Hofler, Prager Concilien, p. 2).--Concil. Pragens. ann. 1381 c. 7 (Ib. p. 28).--Statut. Synod. Pragens. ann. 1407, No. 6 (Ib. p. 59).--Dubrav. Hist. Bohem. Lib. XXIII.--Raynald. ann. 1400, No. 14.

[501] Bodini de Magor. Demonoman. Lib. IV. c. 1.

[502] Registre Criminel du Chatelet de Paris, I. 332-63 (Paris, 1861).

[503] Cha.s.saing, Spicilegium Brivatense, pp. 438-46.

[504] D'Argentre I. II. 154. Cf. Bodin. de Magor. Demonoman.--Murner Tract. de Python. Contractu.--Basin de Artibus Magiae.--Pegnae Comment. in Eymeric. p. 346.

[505] Gersoni Tract. de Error. circa Artem Magicam (Opp. Ed. 1494, xxi. G-H).--Mall. Maleficar. P. I. Q. 1, 8.

[506] Religieux de S. Denis, Hist. de Charles VI., Liv. XVII. ch. i., Liv. XVIII. ch. 8.--Juvenal des Ursins, Hist. de Charles VI. ann. 1403.--Raynald. ann. 1404, No. 22-3.--Concil. Suessionens. ann. 1403 c. 7.--Monstrelet, I. 39 (Ed. Buchon, 1843, pp. 80-3).--Chron. de P. Cochon (Ed. Vallet de Viriville, p. 385).

Valentine of Milan, wife of Louis of Orleans, and her father, Galeazzo Visconti, had the reputation of being addicted to magic and of being privy to the attempt on the life of the king (ubi sup.).

[507] Wright, Dame Kyteler, pp. ix., xv.-xx.--Rymer, Foed. VII. 427; X. 505; XI. 851.

[508] Monstrelet, II. 248.--Jean Chartier, Hist. de Charles VII. ann. 1440 (Ed. G.o.defroy, p. 106).--Rob. Gaguin. Hist. Franc. Lib. X. c. 3.

[509] Bossard et Maulde, Gilles de Rais, dit Barbe-bleue, Paris, 1886, pp. 16, 43, 49-51, 53, 57, Pr. p. clvii.

[510] Bossard et Maulde, Gilles de Rais, dit Barbe-bleue, Paris, 1886, Pr. pp. liii., lxxvii., clii.

[511] Ibid. p. 21; Pr. pp. xlix., lviii.

[512] Ib. pp. 48-51; Pr. pp. xxi.-xxvi., xlvi., xlix.

[513] Bossard et Maulde, Gilles de Rais, dit Barbe-bleue, Paris, 1886, pp. 61-66, 72-3, 78-81, 92-116, 173, 269; Pr. pp. cliv.-clv., clvii, clix.--Tres-Ancien Coutume de Bretagne c. 83 (Bourdot de Richebourg, IV. 220).--D'Argentre, Comment. in Consuetud. Britann. pp. 1647-55.

[514] Bossard et Maulde, Pr. pp. lx.x.xiv.-xcii., xcv.-xcix.

[515] Bossard et Maulde, Pr. pp. xxvi., x.x.xiv., xlvii.-lii., lv.-lvi., lxii.-lxxii., lx.x.xviii., xcviii., ci., cxvii.--Monstrelet, II. 248.

[516] Bossard et Maulde, Pr. pp. lxxv., lxxvii., lx.x.xviii.-xcii., xcv.-xcix., cxvii.-cxl.

[517] Bossard et Maulde, pp. 212-13; Pr. pp. xxiv., 1.

[518] Bossard et Maulde, Pr. pp xxvii.-xxviii., xlvi., xlvii., lii., lv., lviii., lxxii., lx.x.x.

[519] Bossard et Maulde, pp. 231-5; Pr. pp. xxix., cii.-cxvi., cliv.

[520] Tres Anc. Cout. de Bretagne c. 62 (Bourdot de Richebourg IV. 216).--Bossard et Maulde, pp. 235-6; Pr. pp. liii., lxxi.

[521] Bossard et Maulde, Pr. pp. i., ii., vi.-ix.

[522] Ibid. Pr. pp. iii.-iv., v.--Jean Chartier Hist. de Charles VII. ann. 1440 (Ed. G.o.defroy, p. 106).

[523] Bossard et Maulde, Pr. pp. vi.-ix.

[524] Ibid. pp. ix., xii.

[525] Bossard et Maulde, Pr. pp. xi-xii.

[526] Ibid. Pr. pp. xiii.-xiv.

[527] Bossard et Maulde, Pr. pp. xvii.-x.x.x.

[528] Bossard et Maulde, Pr. pp. x.x.xii.-x.x.xvi., x.x.xvii.-x.x.xviii., lxiv.-lxxii., lxxiii.-lx.x.xi., lx.x.xii.-xcii., xciii.-ci.

[529] Ibid. Pr. pp. xli.-xlii.

[530] Bossard et Maulde, Pr. pp. xliii.-xlv.

[531] Ibid. Pr. pp. xlv.-xlvii.

[532] Bossard et Maulde, Pr. pp. xlviii.-lviii.

[533] Ibid. Pr. pp. lxiii.-lxiv.

[534] Bossard et Maulde, Pr. pp. lx.-lxi.

[535] Bossard et Maulde, p. 333; Pr. pp. cxli.-cxliv.

[536] Bossard et Maulde, pp. 337-41.

[537] Tres-Anc. Cout. de Bretagne c. 118 (Bourdot de Richebourg, IV. 228).--Bossard et Maulde, pp. 357, 377.

[538] Bossard et Maulde, pp. 370-82.

[539] Ibid. pp. 380; Pr. pp. cxlv.-cxlvi.

[540] Bossard et Maulde, pp. 406, 408, 412.

[541] La Puente Epit. de la Chronica del Rey don Juan II. Lib. III. c. 23; Lib. V. c. 27 (Fernan Perez de Guzman).--Monteiro, Hist. da Santa Inquisico, P. I. Lib. II. c. 40.--Paramo, p. 131.--La Fuente, Hist. Gen. de Espana, IX. 60.--Pelayo, Heterodoxos Espanoles I. 582, 608-11.--Amador de los Rios, Revista de Espana, T. XVIII. pp. 15-16.

[542] Weber, Indische Skizzen, p. 112.--Wagenseilii Comment. ad Mishna, Sootah, I. 5.--Grimm's Teuton. Mythol. III. 1044.

[543] Frag. Capitular. c. 13 (Baluz. II. 365).--Reginon. de Eccles. Discip. II. 364.--Burchard. Decret. XI. 1, XIX. 5.--Ivon. Decret. XI. 30.--Gratian. Decret. II. XXVII. v. 12.--Servius in Virgil. aeneid. IV. 511, VI. 118.--Vit. S. Caesar. Arelat. Lib. II. c. 2.--Raynald. ann. 1317, No. 53.--Grimm's Teut. Mythol. I. 268 sqq.--Finn Magnusen Boreal. Mythol. Lexicon, pp. 7, 71, 567.--Lib. de Spiritu et Anima c. 28.--Augerii Cenomanens. Statut. (Du Cange s.v. Diana).--Conc. Trevirens. ann. 1310 c. 81 (Martene Thesaur. IV. 257).--Conc. Ambianens. cap. iii. No. 8 (Martene Ampl. Coll. VII. 1241).--Johann. Saresberiens. Polycrat. II. xvii.--Grimm's Teut. Mythol. III. 1055-7.--Wright's Dame Kyteler, pp. iv., x.x.xvi.--Gervas. Tilberiens. Otia Imp. Decis. III. c. 86, 93.--Jean de Meung says-- "Maintes gens par lor folie Cuident estre par nuict estrees Errant avecques Dame Habonde; Et dient que par tout le monde Li tiers enfant de nacion Sunt de ceste condicion." (Roman de la Rose, 18624.--Wright loc. cit.).

A story in Jac. de Voragine's life of St. Germain l'Auxerrois ill.u.s.trates the genesis of the belief concerning the Dame Habonde and her troop, who a.s.sisted in household work. On visiting a certain house St. Germain found that the supper-table was set by "the good women who walk by night." He remained up and saw a crowd of demons, in the shape of men and women, who came to set it; he commanded them to stay, and woke the family, who recognized in the intruders their neighbors, but the latter, on investigation, were found in their beds, and the demons confessed that the likenesses were a.s.sumed for the purpose of deception.--Jac. de Vorag. s.v. S. Germa.n.u.s.

[544] Pauli Carnot. Vet. Agano. Lib. VI. c. 3.--Adhemari Cabannens. ann. 1022.--Gualteri Mapes de Nugis Curialium Dist. I. c. 30.--Alani de Insulis contra Haeret. Lib. I. c. 63.

[545] Concil. Trevirens. ann. 1310 c. 81 (Martene Thes. IV. 257).--Concil. Ambianens. c. 1410 cap. iii. No. 8 (Martene Ampl. Coll. VII. 1241).--Eymeric. p. 341.--Alonso de Spina, Fortalic. Fidei, fol. 284.--Albertini Repertor. Inquisit. s. v. Xorguinoe.

[546] Thom. Cantimprat. Bonum universal. Lib. II. c. 56.--Alonso de Spina, Fortalic. Fidei, fol. 284.--Bern. Basin de Artibus Magicis.--Ulric. Molitor. de Python. Mulierib. Conclus. IV.--Th. Cantimprat. ubi sup.--Mall. Maleficar. P. ii. Q. i. c. 3.--Prieriat. de Strigimag. Lib. i. c. xiv., Lib. ii. c. 1.

Friar Thomas gives circ.u.mstantial contemporary instances occurring in Flanders, where women were carried away and their images were on the point of burial, when the deception was accidentally discovered, and the images, on being cut open, were found to consist of rotten wood covered with skin. He admits his inability to explain these cases, and says that on consulting Albertus Magnus about them the latter evaded a positive answer (Bonum universale, ubi sup.).

[547] Fr. Nich. Jaquerii Flagellum Haeret. Fascinar. c. vii., xxviii.--Mall. Malef. P. I. Q. i. c. 10; P. II. Q. i. c. 3, 9.--G.F. Pico della Mirandola, La Strega, Milano, 1864, pp. 61, 73.--Bernardi Comensis de Strigiis c. 3-6.

[548] Ponzinib. de Lamiis c. 49, 50, 52-3, 61-3, 65-6.--Prieriat. de Strigimagar. Lib. II. c. 1.

Paramo (De Orig. Offic. S. Inq. p. 296) also adopts the date of 1404 as that of the origin of the sect of witches. This is probably founded on confusing Innocent VIII., who commenced to reign in 1484, with Innocent VII., who began in 1404. In the former's bull Summis desiderantes, dated in his first regnal year, he speaks of witches as a new sect, and Prierias refers this to 1404.

[549] Ponzinib. de Lamiis c. 65.--Bart. Spinei de Strigibus, p. 175, Romae, 1575.

[550] Memoires de Jacques du Clercq, Liv. IV. ch. 4.--Chron. Cornel. Zantfliet ann. 1460 (Martene Ampl. Coll. V. 502).--Bernardi Comensis de Strigiis c. 3.--Prieriat. de Strigimag. Lib. I. c. 2, 14; Lib. II. c. 1, 4.

[551] Mall. Maleficar. P. II. Q. i. c. 2, 4, 11, 15; Q. ii. c. 4.--Prieriat. de Strigimag. Lib. II. c. 7, 9.--Ulric. Molitor. de Python. Mulierib.--Ripoll III. 193.--Pico della Mirandola, La Strega, pp. 84-5.--Bernardi Comens. de Strigiis c. 7.

It is the universal testimony of the demonologists that vastly more women than men were thus involved in the toils of the Devil. To explain this, Sprenger indulges in a most bitter tirade against women, and piously thanks G.o.d for preserving the male s.e.x from such wickedness (Mall. Malef. P. I. Q. vii.).

[552] Burchardi Decret. XIX. 5.--Johann. Saresberiens. Polycrat. II. xvii.--Grimm, Teut. Mythol. III. 1059.--Rapp, Die Hexenprocesse und ihre Gegner aus Tyrol, Innsbruck, 1874, p. 146.--P. Vayra, Le Streghe nel Canavese (Curiosita di Storia Subalpina, 1874, pp. 229, 234-5).--Bernardi Comensis de Strigiis c. 8.

A development of this belief is seen in the feat, referred to in the preceding chapter, of Zyto, the magician of the Emperor Wenceslas, who swallowed a rival conjurer and discharged him alive in a vessel of water.

Yet concurrently with this the belief existed in the absolute eating of children. Peter of Berne told Nider that in his district thirteen were thus despatched in a short time, and he learned from a captured witch that they were killed in their cradles with incantations, dug up after burial, and boiled in a caldron. The magic unguent was made out of the flesh, while the soup had the power of winning over to the sect of Devil-worshippers whoever partook of it.--Nider Formicar. Lib. V. c. iii.

[553] Mall. Malef. P. II. Q. i. c. 13; P. III. Q. x.x.xiv.

[554] Mall. Malef. P. I. Q. xii., xv.

[555] In England, where torture was illegal, the growth of witchcraft was much slower. When the craze came an efficient subst.i.tute for torture was found in "p.r.i.c.king" or thrusting long needles in every part of the victim's body in search of the insensible spot which was a characteristic of the witch.

[556] Ripoll III. 193.--Pegnae Append. ad Eymeric. pp. 83, 84, 85, 99, 105.--Approbat. Univ. Coloniens. in Mall. Malef.

For an official selection of papal bulls on the subject see Lib. Sept. Decret. Lib. V. t.i.t. xii.

[557] Bernardi Comens. de Strigiis c. 14.--Mall. Maleficar. P. II. Q. i., ii.--P. Vayra, Le Streghe nel Canavese, op. cit. p. 230.--Artic. Univers. Paris. No. 5.--Concil. Lingonens, ann. 1403 c. 4.--Prieriat de Strigimag. Lib. II. c. 10.--Bodini Magor. Daemonoman. p. 288.

[558] Prieriat. Lib. III. c. 3.--Mall. Malef. P. II. Q. ii.

[559] Bernard. Comens. de Strigiis c. 14.

[560] Mall. Maleficar. P. II. Q. i.; P. II. Q. viii.; P. III. Q. xv.--Prieriat. Lib. II. c. 9; Lib. III. c. 3.--Nider Formicar. Lib. v. c. 7.

[561] Mall. Malef. P. II. Q i.; Q. i. c. 4, 11; P. III. Q. xv.--Prieriat. Lib. III. c. 2.--Jahn, Hexenwesen und Zauberei in Pommern, Breslau, 1886, p. 8.

[562] Raynald. ann. 1374, No. 13; ann. 1437, No. 27.--Ripoll II. 566-7; III. 193, 301.--Prieriat. Lib. III. c. 1.--Mall. Maleficar. P. II. Q. i. c. 16; P. III. Q. i.--Anon. Carthus. de Relig. Orig. c. xxvi. (Martene Ampl. Coll. VI. 59).

[563] Memoires de Jacques du Clercq, Liv. IV. ch. xxiii.

The constant recurrence of the toad in all the operations of witchcraft opens a suggestive question in zoological mythology. s.p.a.ce will not admit its discussion here, but I may mention, as a proof of the antiquity of the superst.i.tions connected with the animal, that in Mazdeism the toad was one of the special creations of Ahriman, and was devoted to his service. It was a toad which he set to destroying the Gokard, or Tree of all plants, and which will always be endeavoring to do so until the resurrection (Bundehesh, ch. xviii.).

[564] Ulric. Molitoris de Python. Mulierib. c. iv.

[565] Prieriat. Lib. III. c. 3.--Mall. Maleficar. P. II. Q. vii., xvi.; P. III. Q. xiii., xiv.

[566] Concil. Rotomagens. ann. 1445 c. 6 (Bessin Concil. Rotomagens. I. 184).--C. Lexoviens. ann. 1448 c. 9 (Ibid. II. 482).--Nic. Jaquerii Flagellum Haeret. Fascinar. c. 27.--Mall. Malef. P. I. Q. xiv.; P. II. Q. i. c. 3, 16.--Prieriat. de Strigimag. Lib. III. c. 3.

[567] Mall. Maleficar. P. II. Q. xiv.--P. Vayra, Le Streghe nel Canavese, op. cit. pp. 218-21, 232.

[568] Prieriat. Lib. III. c. 3.--Mall. Maleficar. P. III. Q. xii.

[569] Mall. Maleficar. P. III. Q. x., xi., x.x.xv.--Prieriat Lib. III. c. 3.

[570] P. Vayra, Le Streghe nel Canavese, op. cit. pp. 658-715.

[571] It will be remembered (Vol. II. p. 158) that by this time in France, Vaudois and Vaudoisie had become the designation of all deviations from faith, and was especially applied to sorcery. Hence is derived the word Voodooism, descriptive of the negro sorcery of the French colonies, transmitted to the United States through Louisiana.

[572] There was some debate whether the evidence of a witch as to those whom she had seen in the Sabbat was to be received, but it was settled in favor of the faith by the unanswerable argument that otherwise the princ.i.p.al means of detecting witches would be lost. If the accused alleged that the devil had caused an apparition resembling him to be present, he was to be required to prove the fact, which was not easy (Jaquerii Flagell. Haeret. Fascinar. c. 26).--Bernardo di Como (de Strigiis, c. 13, 14) says that the mere accusation of being seen in the Sabbat is not sufficient to justify arrest, as the individual may be personated by a demon, but it has to be reinforced by "conjectures and presumptions," which, of course, were never lacking.

[573] MSS. Bib. Roy. de Bruxelles, No. 11209.

[574] This was, doubtless, in commutation for confiscation, and reveals the object of the whole affair. To estimate the magnitude of the fines, it may be mentioned that de Beauffort's annual revenue was estimated at five hundred livres. The richest citizens of Arras who were arrested were said to be worth from four hundred to five hundred livres a year.

[575] The belief in the imminent advent of Antichrist was as strong in the fifteenth century as in its predecessors. In 1445 the University of Paris was astonished by a young Spaniard, about twenty years of age, who came there and overcame the most learned schoolmen and theologians in disputation. He appeared equally at home in all branches of learning, including medicine and law; he was matchless with the sword, and played ravishingly on all instruments of music. After confounding Paris, he went to the Duke of Burgundy, at Ghent, and thence pa.s.sed into Germany. The doctors of the University pondered over the apparition, and finally concluded that he was Antichrist, who, it was well known, would possess all arts and sciences by the secret aid of Satan, and would be a good Christian until he attained the age of twenty-eight (Chron. de Mathieu de Coussy, ch. VIII.). The wonderful stranger was Fernando de Cordoba, who settled in the papal court, and wrote several books, which have been forgotten. See Nich. Anton. Biblioth. Hispan. Lib. x. cap. xiii. No. 734-9.